Concrete

is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other

aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water.
Reinforced Concrete
In a reinforced concrete, reinforcing bars are
embedded in the concrete in such a way that the
tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after
the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.
Reinforced Concrete Design
A direct application of laws of statics and
mechanics of materials to obtain a successful
design not only on design rules but is capable of
being built in a timely fashion for a reasonable cost
and should provide a long service of life.

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

1.Economy
2.Suitability of material for structural and
architectural functions
 3.Fire Resistance
4.Rigidity
5.Low Maintenance
6.Availability of materials

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

1.Low Tensile Strength
2.Forms and shoring
3.Relatively low strength per unit of weight or volume
4.Time dependent volume changes
Properties of Reinforced Concrete

1.Compressive strength 2.Modulus of Elasticity

Values ranges from Concrete has no clear-
3000-20000 psi cut modulus of
elasticity
3.Poisson’s Ratio
Values ranges from 0.11 t0 0.21 with average
values of about 0.16

4.Shrinkage
5.Creep

6.Tensile Strength
Varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive
strength
7.Shear Strength
Factors Affecting Concrete Compressive Strength

1. Water/cement ratio

2. Type of cement

3. Supplementary cementitious materials.

4. Aggregate

5. Mixing water

6. Moisture and temperature conditions during curing

7. Age of concrete.
Objectives of Design
1.Appropriateness
2.Economy
3.Structural Adequacy
4.Maintainability
Limit States
When a structure or structural element
becomes unfit for its intended use, it is said to
have reached a limit state.

1.Ultimate limit states involve a structural

collapse of part or all of the structure.

2.Serviceability limit states are those

conditions that are not strength based but still
may make the structure unsuitable for its
intended use.
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
There are three main reasons why safety factors,
such as load and resistance factors, are necessary
in structural design:
1. Variability in strength
 2. Variability in loadings

3. Consequences of failure

DESIGN PROCEDURES
1. Allowable or Working Stress Design
Computed elastic stress in the material must not
exceed the allowable stress. The moments or
forces are added together and the sums are
multiplied by a load combination.
2. Strength or Load and Resistance Factor Design
The design is based on factored loads and
resistances. The loads are amplified or reduced by
load factors depending on the type and sense of
the load, while the strengths are reduced by
resistance factors less than or equal to unity.
3. Plastic Design / Limit Design / Capacity Design
Is a design process that considers the
redistribution of moments as successive cross
sections yield thereby forming plastic hinges that
lead to a plastic mechanism.