UNIT I

INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF
SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• INTRODUCTION
• Psychology have a long past but short
history.
• Like other sciences psychology have
developed from philosophy.
 STAGES OF HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Diagram
• Origin of the term psychology
• Philosophical root of psychology
• Scientific root of psychology
• Birth of psychology as a science
• Schools of psychology
• Development of psychology in India
 Origin of the term
• Derivation
• The term psychology is derived
from two Greek words “psyche” and
“logos”.
• Psyche means “mind” and logos
means “course of study”

–
 PSYCHE
• Psyche is a feminine character in Greek
mythology
• Symbol
• The symbol for psychology is
• psi ( pronounced as sy ) the 23rd
letter of Greek alphabet
• Evolution of the term
• Aristotle first used the term psyche in his
book “De Anima”
• 1506 GREEK NAME PSICHIOLOGIA
• Book with the title “psychologia”

• Rudolf Göckel a German philosopher in

1590 published the book “ Psychologia
hoc estde hominis perfectione anima
orbu”
• The word psychology in English was
by Steven Blankaart in 1693 in The
Physical Dictionary which refers to
"Anatomy, which treats of the Body, and
Psychology, which treats of the Soul.
Philosophical root of psychology
• Psychology began with the contribution of
following philosophers;
• 1)Aristotle
• 2)Rene Descartes
• 3)John Locke
• 1) Aristotle
• He first used the term psyche.
• In his book De Anima he
describes thinking, sensations,
imagination and dreaming.
• 2) Rene Descartes
• French philosopher who
discussed the relationship between body
and mind.
• His popular one line philosophy is
“I think therefore I am”
• 3)John Locke
• British philosopher who described
mind as blank slate- “tabula rasa” at birth.
 Scientific roots of psychology
• Hermann von Helmholtz
• Leipzig university Germany
• Weber
Birth of psychology as a science
• From the beginning for more than 2000
years psychology was a branch of
philosophy.
• In the year 1879 psychology was
separated from philosophy and made as
an independent science.
• Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology lab:
• Scientific study of psychology starts
with the establishment of world’s first
psychology laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt
in Leipzig university Germany in 1879.
 First psychology lab 1879
•
• The year 1879 is the date of birth for
scientific study of psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt is the “father of scientific
study of psychology”
Apparatus used by Wundt
Grave stone of Wundt in Leipzig
 FIRST PSYCHOLOGY LAB
WILLIAM JAMES - USA
• William James of USA Harvard University
established the first psychology laboratory in
1875 four years before of Wundt’s laboratory in
1879 – FOUNDING FATHER OF AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGY
• But his laboratory produced no original research
data and used mainly for lecture demonstration
unlike Wundt’s laboratory which generated
original psychological data and became the first
psychology laboratory in the history.
Early Harvard psychology lab
 Schools of psychology/
approaches/perspectives
• Meaning
• School refers to school of thought which
includes the founder, basic ideas, method
and application.
• Historical development of schools;
• 1)Structuralism
• 2)Functionalism
• 3)Psychoanalysis
• 4)Humanistic psychology
• 5)Behaviourism
• 6)Gestalt psychology
• 1)Structuralism;
• First school of psychology and
known as mental chemistry
• Founder:
• American psychologist
E.B.Titchner and the student of Wundt
•
• Meaning:
• Structuralism is the first school of
psychology which focused on the
structural elements of mind.
• Basic ideas:
• Psychology must study the conscious mind by
breaking them into structures.
• Conscious mind have three structures:
• a) sensations
• b) images
• c) feelings
• Formula
• Formula
•
• Method
• Psychology must use introspection
method
• Application
• Structuralism school laid the
foundation for scientific study of
psychology.
• 2)Functionalism:
• Founder.
• American psychologist William
James.
• Meaning.
• Functionalism is the school of
psychology which proposed that
psychology must study the functioning of
conscious mind.
• Basic ideas.
• Psychology must study the conscious
mind like structuralism
• But it has to study the functioning of the
conscious mind
• James called the conscious mind as
“stream of consciousness”. FORMULA
•
• Method.
• Introspection method.
• Application.
• Functionalism laid the foundation for
applied psychology.
• 3)Psychoanalysis
• Founder.
• Sigmund Freud- Austrian
psychiatrist.
• Meaning.
• The school of psychology which
propose that psychology must study
UNCONSCIOUS MIND.
• Basic ideas
• Psychoanalysis has negative view of
human being and first force in psychology.
• It must study UNCONSCIOUS MIND.
• Unconscious mind contains sex motive—
Libido and aggression motive—Thanatos.
• FORMULA
• (diagram}
• Infantile sexuality
• Early childhood experience plays a
major role in the development of
behaviour,personality, and mental illness.
• Method
• Psychoanalysis used case study
method.
• Application
• Psychoanalytic therapy-talking cure- is
used for the treatment of mental illness.
• 4)Humanistic psychology
• Founders
• Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers-
American psychologists
• Meaning
• The school of psychology which
studies the positive qualities of human
beings,( humane means good and kind)
• Basic ideas
• Humanistic psychology has positive view
of human being. FREE WILL
• Maslow give more importance to self
actualization
• Carl Rogers give more importance to self
concept. FORMULA
• Method
• Introspection and experiment.
• Application
• Carl Rogers developed client centered
therapy or non directive counselling.
• 5)Behaviourism
• Founder
• J.B. Watson- an American
psychologist.
• Basic ideas
• Psychology must study only external
and observable BEHAVIOUR only.
• All behaviours are learned through
classical and operant conditioning.
• Concepts like conscious mind,
unconscious mind, self concept, and
introspection must be removed from
psychology.
• By studying animal behaviour in the
laboratory we can study human
behaviour..
• Psychology is a science like physics and
chemistry.
• FORMULA
• Radical behaviourism
• American psychologist B.F. Skinner
made behaviourism more experimentally
oriented and called is as radical
behaviourism.
• Method
• Psychology as a science must use
only EXPERIMENT.
• Application
• Behaviourism school developed
“behaviour therapy or behaviour
modification” for the treatment of
psychological disorders.
• Gestalt psychology
• Founder
• Max Wertheimer- German
psychologist.
• Meaning
• Psychology must study anything as a
whole and not in parts or structures.
• Basic ideas
• Psychology must study mind and
perception as a WHOLE and not in parts.
• Gestalt is a German word which
means whole, configuration, or form.
• Whole is more important than sum
total of its parts.
• For example the below diagram is
perceived as a whole square and not four
broken lines with four gaps. FORMULA
• Method
• Introspection and experiment.
• Application
• Gestalt psychology is used in the form
of Gestalt therapy.
• TABLE
• School, founder, basic concept, method,
application
 MODERN PERSPECTIVES
(Psgcas)
• Psychodyanamic perspective
• Behavioural perspective
• Humanistic perspective
• Biopsychological perspective
• Cognitive perspective
• Sociocultural perspective
• Evolutionary perspective
• Psychodynamic perspective
• Modern version of psychoanalysis of
Freud developed by NeoFreudians
• Focus on unconscious mind and early
childhood experience
• Less emphasis on sex and aggression
motives and focus on other motives
• Personality types
• Birth order
• Archetypes
• Anima
• Animus
• Developments in behaviourism
• a) Classical behaviourism
• b) Neobehaviourism
• Thorndike –non observable concepts like
personality and learning must be studied
objectively
• Radical behaviourism
• Cognitive behaviourism
• Bandura and Rotters
• Biopsychological perspective
• Genetics, brain, neurotransmitters, and
hormones
• Genetics
• Behavioural genetics
• Brain
• Temporal lobe- memory- amnesia
• Neurotransmitter
• Serotonin- normal level- feeling of good
• Low level- depression
• Very low level- suicide ideation
• Hormones
• Cognitive perspective
• Sociocultural perspective
• Social psychology
• Cultural psychology
• Evolutionary perspective
• The term evolutionary psychology was
used by American biologist Michael
Ghiselin in a 1973 article published in the
journal Science.[11]
• Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John
Tooby popularized the term "evolutionary
psychology" in their 1992 book The
Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology
and The Generation of Culture.[
• DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY IN
INDIA
• STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Ancient Indian psychology
• Psychology in modern India- Academic
development
• Professional development
• Ancient Indian psychology
• Philosophical, spiritual and experience
based found in
• Personality
• Trigunas
• Gita Upadesam
• Psychology in modern India-Academic
development
 First department at Calcutta
university-1916
• In 1905 Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the Vice
Chancellor of Calcutta University, realized
the importance of psychology, introduced
experimental psychology as a subject in
the syllabus of MA philosophy.
 Syllabus by Sir Brajendra Nath
Seal
• In1905-the Philosophy professor of
Calcutta University drafted the syllabus for
experimental psychology and established
a lab for demonstration.
• First psychology department at Calcutta
• university
• N.N. Sen Gupta 1916
NARENDRA NATH SEN GUPTA
 First psychology department by
Narendra Nath Sen Gupta
• Eleven years later in1916- the
demonstration lab was upgraded as
FIRST independent PSYCHOLOGY
DEPARTMENT at Calcutta University by
Dr Narendra Nath Sen Gupta.
• He visited Harvard and worked under
Hugo Munsterberg, the father of industrial
psychology.
 GIRINDRA SHEKAR BOSE
• GS Bose, a medical doctor was a first
batch student of MA Psychology – student
of NN Sen Gupta- Calcutta University.
• Second professor of psychology in
Calcutta University.
• First PhD in Psychology with the title”
“Concept of Repression” in 1921.
• Second department at Mysore university
• 1924 by Gopala Swami
 ALL INDIA RADIO
•
• Akashvani – All India Radio Mysore was
established on the efforts made by the renowned
professor of psychology in the Mysore University,
Dr. M.V. Gopalaswamy.

• The first sound broadcasting on the radio was

started in the year 1927 in his residence “Vittal
Vihar”.
• Third department at Lucknow university
1929 by N N Sengupta
• Psychology at Madras university
• By G.D. Boaz in 1943
•
 Professional development

• Dr N N Sen Gupta.
• founded the Indian Psychological
Association in 1924.
• He started the first Journal “Indian
Journal of Psychology in 1925.
• In 1945 Psychology Wing of Defense
Research was started
• In 1955 NIMHANS Bangalore
• In1962 IAAP and CIP Ranchi
• In 1968 Indian Association of Clinical
Psychology
• In 1989 NAOP- National Academy of
Psychology
 DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology is the scientific study of
BEHAVIOUR and COGNITION or mental
processes.
• Psychology= science+behavior+cognition.
• Science
• Subject matter of psychology:
• Psychology studies about Behaviour and
Cognition.
• Behaviour
• Behaviour include all our activities.
• Anything we do like eating, talking,
reading, watching T.V can be called as
behaviour.
• Cognition
 Goals or objectives of psychology
• As a science psychology has the following
goals:
• a) Description of behaviour
• b) Explanation of behaviour
• c) Prediction of behaviour and
• d) Control of behaviour
• Description of behaviour– What aspect?
• poor hand writing, spelling mistakes, not
completing home work, but intelligent
• Explanation of behaviour—Why aspect?
• Learning disability– dyslexia– a
psychologist by giving psychological tests
• Prediction of behaviour—When aspect?
• The teacher can predict the future
behaviour of the child regarding studies
• Control of behaviour- How aspect?
• by using teaching methods like
multisensory learning dyslexia can be
controlled
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• Introduction
• Arts- no experiment
• Science- experiment
• Psychology as arts under philosophy
• From 400 B C Aristotle more than 2000
years
• Psychology as a science
• Experiment is possible
• Experimental psychology
• Science

knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned

through experiments and observation –scientific method
• Nature of science
• A) Empiricism

Science uses an empirical approach. Empiricism (founded by John

Locke) states that the only source of knowledge comes through our
senses – e.g. sight, hearing etc.
• Empirical Evidence
• Refers to data being collected through
direct observation or experiment.

• Empirical evidence does not rely on

argument or belief.
• This was in contrast to the existing view
that knowledge could be gained solely
through powers of reason and logical
argument (known as rationalism)
• Objectivity:
Researchers should remain totally value
free when studying; they should try to
remain totally unbiased in their
investigations.
• I.e. Researchers are not influenced by
personal feelings and experiences.
• Predictability:
We should be aiming to be able to predict
future behavior from the findings of our
research.
• Replication:
This refers to whether a particular method
and finding can be repeated with
different/same people and/or on different
occasions, to see if the results are similar.
• Scientific method
• Meaning
• Bias errors
• Steps
• Research question
• Problem
• Research
• Problem give focus
• Hypothesis
• Tentative solution
• Experiment
• Conclusion
• Report
• Applied science
• Behavioural science
• Conclusion
• science like physics and chemistry
 SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Meaning
• Other name
• Branches of psychology
• Fields of psychology
• Divisions of APA
• Most of the branches are divisions
 (diagram)
• Basic psychology
• General psychology
• Developmental psychology
• Social psychology
• Abnormal psychology
• Physiological psychology
• Cognitive psychology
• Experimental psychology
• Applied psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Counselling psychology
• Health psychology
• Rehabilitation psychology
• Psycho oncology
• Educational psychology
• School psychology
• Industrial psychology
• Environmental psychology
• Community psychology
• Neuropsychology
• Pediatric psychology
• Forensic or criminal psychology
• Sports psychology
• Military psychology
• Aviation psychology
• Cyberpsychology
• BASIC PSYCHOLOGY
• General psychology
• Meaning
• Topics
• Developmental psychology
• Meaning
• Stages of life span
• Topics
• Current name
•
• CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
• Meaning
• Other name
• Stages
• Prenatal period
• Infancy
• Babyhood
• Early childhood
• Laté childhood
• Puberty
• Topics
• Importance
• Social psychology
• Introduction
• Meaning
•
• Topics
• Socialization
• Group dynamics
• Leadership
• Attitude
• Prosocial behaviour
• Aggression
• Interpersonal attraction
• Abnormal psychology
• Meaning
• Other name-psychopathology
•
•
• Topics
• Causes of mental illness
• Classification
• Treatment of mental illness
• Some types of mental disorders
• Settings
• Classroom settings
• Physiological psychology
• Meaning
• Example
• Other name
• Cognitive psychology
• Meaning
• Experimental psychology
• APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
• Meaning
• Clinical psychology
• Meaning
•
• Topics
• Causes of mental illness
• Models of mental illness
• Classification– DSM iv– ICD 10
• Psycho diagnostics
• Psychotherapeutics
• Activities
• Interviewing the client
• Psychological testing
• Providing psychotherapy
• Brief history
• Some types of mental disorders
• Settings
• Clinical setting
• Qualification
• Institutions
• Clinical psychologist and psychiatrist
• Counselling psychology
• Meaning
• Nature
• Branches
• Health psychology
• Introduction-physical illness
• Meaning
•
• Topics
• Biopsychosocial model of illness
• Stress
• Psychosomatic disorder
• Psychological problems of illness
• Promoting wellness‘
• Importance
• Rehabilitation psychology
• Psycho oncology
• Educational psychology
• Meaning
• Topics
• School psychology
• Industrial psychology
• Meaning
• Topics
•
• Brief history
• Specialties'
• Related fields
• Environmental psychology
• Meaning
• Community psychology
• Meaning
• Neuropsychology
• Pediatric psychology
• Forensic or criminal psychology
• Sport psychology
• Military psychology
• Aviation psychology
• Cyber psychology
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Introduction
• Meaning/ Definition
• Some important methods of psychology
• (diagram)
• 1) Introspection method
• 2) Observation method
• 3) Survey method
• 4) Experimental method
• 5) Case study method
• 6) Correlation research
• 7) Cross sectional research
• 8) Longitudinal research
• 1) INTROSPECTION METHOD: self
analysis- NEXT
• Meaning
• Nature
• Evaluation
• Merits
• Demerits
•
• 2) OBSERVATION METHOD: looking
method
• Meaning
• Types of observation(diagram)
• Naturalistic observation
• Controlled observation
• Participant observation
• Nonparticipant observation
• 1) Naturalistic observation
• Meaning
• Example
• 2) Controlled observation
• Meaning
• Example
• 3) Participant observation
• Meaning
• Example
• 4) Nonparticipant observation
• Meaning
• Example
• Evaluation
• Merits
• Demerits
• observer bias
• observer effect
• 3) SURVEY METHOD: Asking method
• Meaning
• Types
• Interview
• Inventory method
• A) Interview
• Meaning
• Types
• Evaluation
• B) Inventory method
• Meaning
•
• Structure of inventory– refer next slide
• Types of inventory--refer
• Other names-refer
• Evaluation
• Merits
• Demerits
• Structure of inventory
• Types of inventory
• 1 Personality inventory
• 2 Adjustment inventory
• Bell Adjustment Inventory
• 3 Clinical Inventory
• 4 Interest Inventory
• Other names
• Example: Depression Inventory
• 4) EXPERIMENTAL METHOD: Cause-
effect relationship
• Meaning
• Steps in experiment
• a) Statement of the problem
• b) Hypothesis formulation
• C) Independent and dependent variable
• D) Selection of subjects and experimental
design
• E) Conduction of experiment
• F) Collection of data and analysis
• G) conclusion
• A) Statement of the problem
• Example
• What is the effect of hunger on
memory?
• B) Hypothesis formulation
• Tentative solution
• If hunger level increases then memory
reduces.
• C) Independent and dependent variables
• independent variable is the cause and
dependent variable is the effect.
• D) Selection of subjects and experimental
design
• experimental group and control
group
• E) Conduction of experiment
• F) Collection of data and analysis
• statistical analysis
• G) Conclusion
• Hypothesis is confirmed
• diagram
 5) CASE STUDY METHOD
• Meaning
• Information gathered
• Example- refer next slide
• Evaluation
• Merits
• Demerits
 Example- table form
• Anna O Gage
• Case of HM
• 6) Correlation research
• Meaning
• Example
• TV watching and aggression
• 7) Cross sectional research
• 8) Longitudinal research
RELEVANCE TO NURSING
• Introduction
• People oriented profession
 diagram
• Contribution of psychology
• Promotion of health (diagram)
• Better understanding of self
• Development of nursing skills
• Better understanding of client
• Contribution to nursing subject
• Psychological testing and nursing

•
•
• Clinical psychology and psychiatric
nursing
• Child psychology and pediatric nursing
• Health psychology and nursing
• Educational psychology and nursing
education
• Geropsychology and geriatric nursing
• Counselling psychology and nursing
• Community psychology and community
nursing
• Neuropsychology and brain damaged
clients
• Rehabilitation psychology and nursing
• Forensic psychology and forensic nursing
• Psycho oncology and nursing
• Psychological testing and nursing