Quality paradigms

Deming’s fourteen points for management

Six sigma paradigm
• What is six sigma paradigm..??
• The Six Sigma approach begins with process thinking that considers inputs, outputs,
and both controlled and uncontrolled variables. Variation is a foundation of the
approach, with the goal being to reduce variation around the mean and to move the
mean closer to the target value if necessary
• Statistical parameters
• Mean, standard deviation (the sigma)
σ𝑋 σ 𝑋2 σ𝑋 2
• 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝛿= −( )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
• Confidence interval
• 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑋ത ± 𝛿(𝑧𝛼 ) 67% corresponding normal area
• 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑋ത ± 2𝛿(𝑧𝛼 ) 95% corresponding normal area
• 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑋ത ± 3𝛿(𝑧𝛼 ) 99% corresponding normal area
• 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑋ത ± 6𝛿(𝑧𝛼 ) 99.99966% corresponding normal area
DMAIC
• The “vital few” variables are the focus of attention, not the whole
range of possible variables.
• These tools are all integrated into a standard methodology designated
by the acronym “DMAIC,” for define, measure, analyze, improve, and
control:.
• Define customers and requirements
• Measure things critical to quality
• Analyze baseline, opportunities, objectives, and root causes
• Improve the process
• Control the process
ISO 9000
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
• America Society of Quality (ASQ)
• International Standard Organization (ISO)
• The ISO 9000-series of standards addresses quality management systems. The
series includes three standards:
1. ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
2. ISO 9001, Quality management systems — Requirements
3. ISO 9004, Quality management systems — Guidelines for performance
improvements
• ISO 9001 is a specification standard
• ISO 9001. Organizations can self-declare conformance or can hire a
third-party registrar.
• ISO 9004 is a guidance standard. Nothing in it is required for
certification.
• Neither ISO 9001 nor ISO 9004 are performance standards.
• ISO 9001 is a brief document. It contains many prescriptive
paragraphs that indicate what an organization “shall” do.
Conformance requires extensive documentation, including:
Quality policy — A statement from top management.
Quality manual — A document that addresses each clause in ISO 9001. Specific
procedures may be part of the manual or referenced in the manual.
Quality objectives — Goals assigned to organizational elements.
Quality procedures — Step-by-step actions for each ISO 9001 requirement or
any process that affects quality.
Forms, records, documentation — Proof of performance.
Baldrige National Quality Program
• The Baldrige National Quality Program is a public-private partnership
administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.