Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
• Is it physiological or
psychological?
• Is it inherited or is it
learned?
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Pearson Education 2011
Cartesian Dualism
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Pearson Education 2011
Is It Inherited or Is It Learned?
Watson, a behaviorist,
believed that all behavior
was the product of learning
(nurture) Nature Versus
Nurture
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Pearson Education 2011
Problems of Traditional Dichotomies: Mind-Brain
Dualism
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Pearson Education 2011
Problems of Traditional Dichotomies: Nature-or-Nurture
A schematic illustration
of the way in which many
biopsychologists think
about the biology of
behavior.
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Pearson Education 2011
Human Evolution: Evidence for Evolution
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Pearson Education 2011
Human Evolution: Evidence for Evolution
Four kinds of
evidence
supporting the
theory that species
evolve.
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Evolution and Behavior
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Course of Human Evolution
• Evolution of vertebrates
• Chordates have dorsal nerve cords
• Vertebrates are chordates with spinal bones
• Evolution of amphibians
• Bony fishes leave the water briefly
• Advantages include fresh water and new food
sources
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Pearson Education 2011
Course of Human Evolution
Evolution of reptiles
• Lay shell-covered eggs;
covered by dry scales
• Can live far from water
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Pearson Education 2011
Thinking About Human Evolution
Similarities
among
species do not
necessarily mean that
the species have
Not all existing common origins Evolution
adaptive does not
characteristics evolved proceed in a
to perform their single line
current function
Thinking About
Not all existing Human Evolution Humans have
behaviors or only been around
structures for a brief period
are adaptive of time
Evolution does
not necessarily Fewer than 1%
result in perfect of all known
design species are still
in existence
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Pearson Education 2011
Thinking about Human Evolution
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Evolution of the Human Brain
• There is no relationship
between brain size and
intelligence
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Pearson Education 2011
Human Evolution: Evidence for Evolution
The brains of
animals of
different
evolutionary
ages. Cerebrums
are shown in
yellow;
brainstems are
shown in purple.
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Pearson Education 2011
Evolution of the Human Brain
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Pearson Education 2011
Evolutionary Psychology: Mate Bonding
Most species
mate
promiscuously Humans
generally May be adaptive in
form allowing more
monogamous attention to
bonds survival
Most mammals of children
form
polygynous
mating bonds
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Pearson Education 2011
Thinking about Evolutionary Psychology
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Pearson Education 2011
Fundamental Genetics Slender
thread inside a
chromosome
cell’s nucleus that
carries genes
Our
genotype
genetic
makeup
Genetic
material,
gene
composed
of DNA
Our
phenotype
observable
traits
Gene that is
expressed
recessive only
in the absence
of agene
dominant
gene
Gene that
dominant
masks other
gene
genes’ effects Copyright ©
Pearson Education 2012
Fundamental Genetics
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Mendel’s Experiments
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Chromosomes: Reproduction and Recombination
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Chromosomes: Reproduction and
Recombination
When egg
and sperm
Gametes, combine to form
Mitosis
egg cells and – a form of cell
a fertilized egg
division that yields daughter
sperm cells, (zygote), 23
are produced
cells that have 23 pairs of of
pairs
by meiosis
chromosomes chromosomes
are again
present
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Chromosomes: Structure and Replication
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Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
Sex-linked traits –
influenced by genes on the
sex chromosomes
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Pearson Education 2011
Genetic Code and Gene Expression
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Genetic Code and Gene Expression
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Pearson Education 2011
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria
have their own DNA
Mitochondrial
DNA Mitochondria are
the energy-generating Mitochondria
structures found were once
in the cytoplasm of believed to come
all cells from mother, but
paternal
mitochondrial DNA
Constant rate of has been found in
mitochondrial DNA mutation one
Mitochondrial DNA Has been used as evolutionary individual
may be responsible clock to determine,
for some for instance, that
disorders hominids
evolved in Africa and
spread around the world
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Modern Genetics
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Behavioral Development: Interaction of
Genetic Factors and Experience
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Behavioral Development
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Behavioral Development
Phenylketonura: A Single-Gene
Metabolic Disorder
• Due to single mutant recessive
gene
• An example of interaction of
genetics and environment
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Pearson Education 2011
Behavioral Development
Development of Birdsong
• Young males must hear their
species’ songs during critical
period, or they develop abnormal
songs
• Young male canaries have left-side
neurological dominance for song,
like human left dominance for
speech
• Adult male canaries grow new
neurons each spring: an early
discovery of adult neurogenesis
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Genetics of Human Psychological Differences
• Minnesota study of
twins reared apart showed that
identical twins more similar than
fraternal twins on all
psychological dimensions
• Heritability estimates
• Multiplier effect – genetically
similar individuals seek out
similar environments
• Turkheimer et al. (2003) –
heritability of IQ was near 0 in
impoverished twins and near 1
(maximum) in affluent twins
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Pearson Education 2011
Watch: The Complexity of Humans:
Phil Zimbardo
Watch: Dating and Finding a Mate (Ralf)
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Pearson Education 2011
Acknowledgments
Slide Image Description Image Source
36 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT
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Pearson Education 2011