BY:

PRIYANSHI NASKAR
VERNIKA JAIN
RASHI SACHAN
RITIKA GUPTA
PRATISHTHA SINGH
INTRODUCTION

▶ Agriculture in India is the means of livelihood of more or less two thirds of

the work force in the country. It has always been India’s most important
and desired economic sector.

▶ Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the

interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
Advances in transportation and telecommunication, infrastructure are
major factors in globalization.

▶ India entered in the process of globalization by 1991.

MOTIVES

▶ India opted for seed fertilizer technology in the agriculture sector.

▶ To create big market for multinationals and agri-business and to facilitate
their steady entrance in the country’s economy
▶ To introduce capitalism in agriculture by integrating it with the world
capitalist system
▶ To reorganize the credit structure and nationalize scheduled commercial
banks.
IMPROVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE

▶ Modernization in agriculture sector through using machines, HYV seeds,

chemical fertilizers, pesticides.
▶ Transfer of technology to India like drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation that
leads to cost reduction in long run
▶ The concept of sustainable agriculture was introduced due to globalization
in this sector.
▶ Greater mobility of human resources across the countries.
GREEN REVOLUTION

▶ Globalization process in the form of green revolution introduced 3 kinds of

changes- economic changes, socio-cultural changes and environment
changes.
▶ Economic changes : green revolution transformed not only state’s
agriculture but also contributed significantly to make India self reliant in
food.
▶ Socio-cultural changes: it led to the diffusion of information regarding
modern technology of cultivation. Replacement of traditional varieties
with HYV crops.
▶ Environmental changes: the changes in cultivation due to green revolution
attributed to major environmental changes like development of pesticide
resistance in insects.
HYV SEEDS

▶ HYV seeds are of better quality than normal quality seeds. they depend
crucially on the availability of fertilizers, adequate water supply,
pesticides and insecticides.
▶ These seeds are a better option in order to obtain healthy and surplus
crop. They can produce upto 10 times more crops than regular on the
same land area.
▶ HYV seeds are land substituting, water economising, more labour using
and employment generating innovation.
▶ These seeds reduce the time for cropping and give out good quality of
crops.
 FARMING TECHNIQUES AFTER GREEN
REVOLUTION

The change in farming techniques and the

introduction of modern agriculture was
implemented to increase the quantity and quality
of yield. Many agricultural products are exported
and modern farm machinery and financial schemes
are provided by the government to encourage
agriculture in the rural areas of the nation.
 AIM OF MODERN FARMING TECHNIQUES
• Modern farming techniques enable farmers to meet
ALL three goals of sustainability: conserve and
protect natural resources; meet the food and fuel
needs of a growing population; and be financially
viable for both growers and consumers.
• Technology allows much greater production with less human
labour, but has high social and environmental costs. The main
technological and physical changes in farming techniques
included:
• Metal ploughs, reapers.
• Tractors
• Pesticides/fertilizers
• Genetically modified crops
• Hybrid crops
CONVENTIONAL VS MODERN TECHNIQUES

• Small scale • Large scale

• Self sufficiency
• Mainly manual
• Local inputs(seeds, manure,
compost, etc.)
• Labour intensive
• Commercial
• Mechanised
• External inputs(HYVs,
pesticides,machines,etc)
• Capital intensive
The agriculture sector is known as the backbone of Indian
economy-:
● India is the second largest food producer of the world.
● With globalization farmers were encouraged to shift from traditional
crops to cash crops such as cotton and tobacco.
● The growth of rice and wheat also been de-accelerated.
● The cost increase when farmer turns to cultivation of cash crops
needed more water and higher consumption of electricity
● Contract farming and corporate farming have been encouraged by
the government.
● In recent years there been a fall-in output growth rate of non-food
grain crops led by oil seeds.
How have changes in technology contributed
to the globalization of agricultural markets
and production?

Would the globalization of markets and

production have been possible without
technological changes?
 ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN
GLOBALIZATION

• Expansion in use of microprocessors and

telecommunications.
• Merging of markets.
• Opportunities for companies to expand their
business.
• Creation and expansion of global market.
• Globalization of production.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY
AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

TILL LAST 70s:

Poor condition of agricultural sector
Largely consumption oriented
Poor irrigation facilities
Simple agricultural implants
GLOBALIZATION MECHANIZED
AGRICULTURE:
Technology based farming
Developed irrigation facilities
Use of HYV seeds
Reduced risk factors of agriculture
Reduced dependency and vulnerability on nature
Reduced transportation and handling costs.
Corporate and Contract farming
Why need of corporate and contract farming in india
⬜ The small sized, fragmented, uneconomic landholdings and lack of
competitiveness of agricultural produce are eroding profitability of the agricultural
sector.

Contract farming and Corporate farming have been encouraged by the government
as possible solution to problems of Indian Agriculture.
Prime agricultural land and wastelands are being purchased or leased in by corporate
houses, to undertake agri-business ranging from seed supply, agrichemicals to storage,
transport and retail sales.
The large corporates, primarily motivated by profits, invest huge amounts of funds
towards research and modernization of agriculture and with complete control over
land holdings are able to maximize produce for both sale in the open markets as well as
their own retail food processing.
State governments across different states such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Gujarat, West Bengal and many more are amending laws to encourage the practice of
corporate farming.
 Continue..
⬜ Reliance Fresh, Tata agro-chemicals, Sterling Agro, Mcdonalds, Hindustan Lever
are only a few examples of entry of private sector into the primary sector.
How corporate farming solve the problem of a Indian farmer

❑ (Problem):The problem of the Indian farmer is that the farm land should be owned
by the independent farmer and input costs like farm machinery, crop insurance,
fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, fuel, and seeds should be borne by the corporates.

(Solution):Here corporate farming at present is bringing back feudalism, as corporate

farmers are working as contractual laborers of the corporates who have bought their
lands and employed them.

❑ (Problem)Another problem of small farmers is that they remain landless and

continue to be plagued by problems of hunger and debt.

(Solution):Thus here Corporate farming can be economically and socially be beneficial

if it gets the marginal farmer a remunerative price.

It also adds to the export capacity of the country by discovering international markets
for the fresh produce, fruits, vegetables and processed primary goods for
consumptions thus contributing to the growth in agriculture.
 Effect on export of major agriculture
commodities

⬜ Agriculture plays important role in

international trade. The proportion of
agriculture goods export is nearly 50% of our
total exports. This has great importance in
economic development. For, increased exports
help the country to pay for increased imports of
machines and raw materials. India is the
exporter of food grain which is surplus and can
import easily with the help of globalization.
India's Export of Principal Agricultural Commodities from 1991-2004
continue
continue
⬜ Above table shows share of India's agricultural exports in World
exports of agricultural commodities. Thirteen commodities constitute
the principal exports accounting for about ninety percent of the total
agricultural exports in the past.
⬜ These are the areas in which India needs to concentrate. By adopting
scientific techniques in agriculture and using high yielding varieties
of seed, the output of agricultural products having export potential
can be increased. Further this output must be exported instead of
being consumed in the domestic market. Export markets should
never be sacrificed for the domestic markets. If necessary, imports
should be resorted to make up for any short fall in production for
exporting. The vast potential for exporting agricultural produce can
be tapped by maintaining international standards of quality and by
keeping prices competitive.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF
GLOBALIZATION
❖ Availability of Modern Agro-Technologies -:
There is availability of modern agro technologies in
pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield
crops were employed to increase food production. These technologies
included modern implementations in irrigation projects, pesticides,
synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and improved crop varieties developed through
the conventional, science-based methods available at the time.

❖ Rise in production & productivity -:

Due to adoption of HYV technology the production of food
grains increased considerably in the country. The production of wheat has
increased from 8.8 million tones in 1965-66 to 184 million tones in 1991-92. The
productivity of other food grains has increased considerably. It was 71% in case
of cereals, 104%for wheat and 52% for paddy over the period 1965-66 and
1989-90.
❖ Growth of National Income -:

Receiving the international market for the agricultural goods of India,

there is an increase in farmer’s agricultural product. New technology, new seeds, new
agriculture practices etc. helped to grow the agricultural product. From the monetary point
of view the share of agriculture sector in the economy is raised to 14.2% of the GDP (2010-
11).

❖ Agriculture as a prime Moving Force -:

The growth of agricultural sector in India has correspondent relation with

industrial growth and national income in India. It is assumed that 1% increase in the
agricultural growth leads to 0.5% increase in the industrial output and 0.7% increase in the
national income in India. Especially after LPG the agricultural sector in India is developing
rapidly. As a result, the government of India announced agriculture as the prime moving
force of the Indian economy in 2002.
❖ Rise in the share in Trade -:

Because of the conditions of WTO all of the countries get the same
opportunities, so there is an increase in the export of agricultural products.
According to data provided by World Bank, India’s share in exports (goods and
services) rose from 0.54%in 1990 to 0.67% within five years after globalization
took place i.e. upto 1999. Indian exports rose by 103% during the same period.

❖ Growth of Agro-Exports -:

The prices of agricultural goods are higher in the international market

than Indian markets. If the developed countries reduced grants, they have to
increase in the prices. So there will be increase in the export in Indian market and
if the prices grow, there will be profit. Agricultural products account for 10.23%
of the total export income of the economy, while agricultural imports account for
just 2.74% of the total imports.
❖ New Area Employment -:

While exporting agricultural products it is necessary to

classify the products, its standardization and processing, packing etc.
Therefore, after LPG the agro allied industries has created employment
in various sector like packing, exporting, standardizing, processing,
transportation and cold storage etc. The industries depending on
agriculture are stored and it made an increase in employments.
 NEGATIVE EFFCTS OF
GLOBALISATION
1. Barriers to trade
2. Unemployment and job loss
3. Skipping taxes
4. Cultural homogeneity
5. Abnormal increase in price of fertilizers
6. Fall in agricultural employment
7. Farmer’s suicide.
8. Increasing differences between rich and
poor