English Training: Duration: 2 Days

ENGLISH TRAINING
Duration: 2 Days
Prepared by:
Learning and Development
BRAC Tanzania
www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

LET’S GET TO KNOW EACH
OTHER….

Please be respectful to others opinion
Please have 100% open mind
Please speak one by one
Please do not use your mobile phone during the

session
Please participate actively

COURSE CONTENT

COURSE OBJECTIVES
• Basics of English language
• Introducing your self in English
• Using basic English in a work place
• Speak English asking and answering

questions

ALPHABE
T
WORDS FORMATION
The formation of words, for
example by adding prefixes
or suffixes to roots Meaning,
pronunciation, etc

WHY ARE NEW WORDS NEEDED?
• Because of new inventions and changes

• Language is dynamic
• vast amount of new inventions made in the 20th and 21st
• One of the distinctive properties of human language is
creativity

ENGLISH WORD FORMATION
1.coinage 2. Borrowing,
3. Calque 4. Compound
5. Derivation 6. Blending
7. Backformation 8. Conversion
9.Acronym 10. Initialism
11. Onomatopoeia 12. Clipping

1. COINAGE
The word formation process of inventing entirely new

words
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EPONYM
• New words based on names of persons/place

• volt [ Alessandro Volta, Italian]
• watt [James Watt, Scot scientist]
• boycott [Charles Boycott, Irish]
• fahrenheit [Gabriel Farenheit, German scientist]
11
2. BORROWING
• Borrowing is the process of actually borrowing words

from foreign languages.
• The English language has been borrowing words from
''nearly a hundred languages in the last hundred years'‘
• The other way round, many countries also have taken
many English words into their dictionaries, such as the
well-known “OK or internet”
• most of the loan words are nouns, only some of them are
verbs or adjectives.
12
3. CALQUE
• Direct translation of the element of a word into

the borrowing language.
• word-for-word translation of a phrase borrowed
from another language.
• Ex: Spanish from English
perros calientes –dog hot = hot dog
13
4. COMPOUNDING
• Compounding is the process of

putting words together to build
a new one that ''does not
denote two things, but one''
and that is ''pronounced as one
unit''
• Ex: -handbag=hand + bag;
-wallpaper=wall + paper;
-fingerprint=finger + print;
-sunburn=sun + burn,

5. DERIVATION
• Derivation, as ''the most common word formation

process'', builds new words by adding morphemes
• word formation by affixes
• By prefixes: un-usual , mis-pronounce
mis-lead, dis-respect
• By suffixes: care-less, child-ish
faith-ful
• prefix and suffix: dis-loyal-ty
un-erring-ly
15
6. BLENDING
• A blending is a combination of two or more words to

create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of
the other word and the end of the other one
• Ex: brunch =breakfast+ lunch
motel = motor + hotel
smog = smoke + fog
transistor = transfer + resistor
emoticon = emotion + icon
webinar = web+ seminar
16
SOME MORE EXAMPLE
• Sitcom= situation + comedy; television series

based on humorous everyday situations
• Netiquette=network + etiquette
• Netizen = internet+ citizen
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7. BACKFORMATION
• --nouns > verbs: reduction of nouns to form verbs

Ex: television = televise
donation = donate
option = opt
emotion = emote
enthusiasm = enthuse
editor = edit
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8. CONVERSION
• -changing the category of words

• zero derivation –no affixes are added
• nouns & verbs: bottle, butter, chair, vacation
• verbs & nouns: guess, spy,
• print out & printout
• verbs & adjectives : see through
• adjectives & verbs: empty, dirty
• adjectives & nouns: the poor; the weak
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9. ACRONYM
• word from initials of a set of words

• Ex: SCUBA -Self-Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus
RADAR -Radio Detection And
Ranging
LASER –Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
PIN-Personal Identification Number

10. INITIALISM
• initialisms are pronounced ''as a

sequence of letters'‘
DNA- Deoxy Riboneuclic acid
USA- United states of america

11. ONOMATOPOEIA
• This special type of word that depicts ''the sound

associated with what is named''
Ex: buzz, hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, crash, bang,
hush, ticktack, etc.

12. CLIPPING
• shortening of a poly-syllabic word.

• Types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle and
complex clipping
• Ex: facsimile = fax
fanatic = fan
telephone= phone
gasoline = gas
influenza = flu
cable telegram= cablegram
gym, lab, exam, math, prof.
23
CONCLUSION
• As we have seen before, there are many ways to

create new words
• So finally, if we take a look around, we will see a
mass of new words surrounding us, brought to us
both consciously by language trends and
unconsciously through language change over time
• Language changes constantly. And who knows if
the people will understand the language we are
using now in a few decades?
24
TYPES OF WORDS IN ENGLISH

NOUN
Noun: A noun is a
person, place, thing,
quality, or act.
Examples : shoes,
turtle, anger,
sadness, town

VERB
Verb: Verbs are action or

existence words that
tell what nouns do.
Examples: to laugh,
to read, watched

ADJECTIVES
Adjective: An adjective
describes a noun.
Examples: bald, heavy, useful

ADVERB
Adverb: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or

adverb. It often ends in 'ly'.
Examples: simply, patiently

INTERJECTION

PREPOSITION
Preposition: A preposition
describes the relationship
between a noun and
another noun (or verb or
adverb).
Examples: at, down, to,
from

CONJUCTION
Conjunction: A conjunction joins together words,

phrases, or clauses.
Examples:

PRONOUN
Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase

that is understood from context.
Examples:

TENSE

TENSES
The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took

place. The three tenses are:The
Past Tense
The Present Tense
The Future Tense

TENSES CHART

SENTENCES FORMATION

WHAT IS SENTENCES
A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing

a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question,
exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause
and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence contains one independent clause.
What’s an “independent clause”? It’s one subject followed by

one verb or verb phrase. It expresses a single idea.
• Examples of simple sentences:

• I‘m happy.
• Robert doesn’t eat meat.
• My brother and I went to the mall last night.
• This new laptop computer has already crashed twice.

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two independent clauses

joined by a linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however).
Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself,
but we connect them with a linking word:
• I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
• Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special
vegetarian dish for him.
• My brother and I went to the mall last
night, but we didn’t buy anything.
• This new laptop computer has already crashed
twice, and I have no idea why.

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has one independent clause and

one or more dependent clauses.
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by

itself.
• I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
• Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school,
doesn’t eat meat.
• My brother and I went to the mall last night, while my
sister stayed home and studied.
• This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday,
has already crashed twice.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
A compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more

clauses: 2 independent and at least 1 dependent clause.
• I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money,

but my kids are always complaining since we can’t
afford to buy the newest toys.

ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS

BASICS OF ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
PRESENT TENSE BE
• The verb BE has three forms: AM, IS, ARE, which we

have to use according to the pronoun or subject.
TO BE
Occupations Nouns Adjectives Places

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Subject Verb Form Example
I AM I am a teacher.
You ARE You are a student.
He IS He is in the lab.
She IS She is my sister.
It IS It is a city.
We ARE We are friends.
They ARE They are doctors.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
You can make negative sentences similar to the

sentences before. The only different is to add NOT
after am, is, are, as you can see in the following
chart.
She is not sad They are not in the school

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I am not I`m not
He He`s not = He isn’t

She is not She’s not = She isn’t
It It’s not = It isn’t
We We’re not = We aren’t

You are not You’re not = You aren’t
They They’re not = They aren’t

YES / NO QUESTIONS
• In English we have to kind of questions: Yes/No

questions and Wh-questions.
• The Yes / No Questions are called that because the
answers always start with Yes or No
• Remember to answer Yes/No questions you have to pay
attention to the subject.

YES / NO QUESTIONS
Affirmative Statement: John and Peter are students.

Yes / No question: Are John and Peter students?
Short Answers: Yes, they are / No, they aren’t
Full /Complete Yes, they are students. / No they
Answers: are not students.
Affirmative Statement: Mary is tall and thin.

Yes / No question: Is Mary tall and thin?
Short Answers: Yes, she is / No, she isn’t
Full /Complete Yes, she is tall and thin. / No, she
Answers: is not tall and thin

WH - QUESTIONS
• The wh-questions look for information accoding to the

question word.
• In this kind of questions you never answer Yes or No,
because they are asking for some information. The
answer is a statement with the information according to
the question word.

WH - QUESTIONS
Wh-word Information Example

about…
What Things What is this? It is a book.
Name What is your name? Roberth.
Occupations What do you do? I am a driver.
Activities What is he doing? He’s working
Who People Who is the director of the school?
Carlos Samaniego.
Where Places Where is he? In the house.
How State How are you? I am sad.
Form / manner How is Loja? It is small.

REVIEW
Negative
Statement Yes/No Question Short Answers
Statements
Yes, you are / No, you
I am a teacher. I am not a teacher. Am I a teacher?
are not
You are a You are not a

Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not
student. student.
He is in the lab. He is not in the lab. Is he in the lab? Yes, he is / No, he is not
Yes, she is / No, she is

She is my sister. She is not my sister. Is she my sister?
not
It is a city. It is not a city. Is it a city? Yes, it is / No, it is not
Yes, we are / No, we are

We are friends. We are not friends. Are we friends?
not
They are They are not Yes, they are / No they
Are they doctors?
doctors. doctors. are not

DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THIS / THESE when the objects are near to the speaker.
This is a blackboard These are papers
THIS +Singular Nouns THESE + Plural Nouns

DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THAT / THOSE when the objects are far from the speakers.
That is a lake. THAT + Singular Nouns

Those are mountains
THOSE + Plural Nouns

DEMONSTRATIVES
Questions
• What is that?
That is an airplane.
• Is that a bird?
No, it is an airplane.
• What are those?

Those are books
• Are those books?
Yes, they are books.

PLURAL NOUNS
Noun ending Forming the plural Examples

s, x, ch or sh Add -es boss - bosses
tax - taxes
bush - bushes
consonant + y Change y to i fly - flies
then try - tries
Add –es curry – curries
most others Add -s cat - cats
face - faces
day – days

IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the plural Examples

Ends with -fe Change f to v knife - knives
then life - lives
Add –s wife - wives
Ends with –f Change f to v half - halves
then wolf - wolves
Add –es loaf - loaves
Ends with - o Add –es potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
volcano -
volcanoes

IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the plural Examples

ALL KINDS Change the vowel man - men
or foot - feet
Change the word child - children
or person - people
Add a different tooth - teeth
ending mouse - mice
Unchanging Singular and plural sheep
are the same deer
fish (sometimes)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I My
You Your
He His
She Her +
It Its
We Our
They Their NOUN

POSSESSIVE ADJTECTIVES
Her pants are blue His shirt is new
This is our house

This is her cat

POSSESSIVE FORM ‘S
Charlie’s book is black.

Kevin’s wife is Rose.
His wife is Rose.
The Child’s mother is happy

PREPOSITION OF PLACE
IN (dentro de) In the house in a shop
In a room in a town
In a car in a garden
ON (sobre una On a shelf on a wall
superficie) On a plate on the table
On a balcony on a door
AT (lugar específico) At the bus station at home
At the door at the top
At work at the end of

PRESENT CONTINOUS
• The present continous Subject BE -ING

tense is used to FORM
describe activities that
I Am Singing
happen now, that
means activities that He
are develop in the She Is Singing
moment of speaking It
We
You Are Singing
They

PRESENT CONTINOUS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS
I am dancing I am not dancing Am I dancing?
You are eating You are not eating Are you eating?
He is sleeping He is not sleeping Is he sleeping?
She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?
It is running It is not running Is it running?
We are walking We are not walking Are we walking?
They are studying They are not studying Are they studying?

RULES
How to make the -ING
Verb ending in... form Examples
1 vowel + 1 Double the consonant, swim - swimming

consonant then add –ING hit - hitting
get – getting
1 vowel + 1 Remove E, then add – coming
consonant + E- INGcome lose - losing
live – living
[anything else] Add –ING say - saying
go - going
walk - walking

CAN / CAN’T
• Can is used to show ability
He can’t play the piano He can play football

They can dance
He can swim
He can skate

NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
YES/NO
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
QUESTIONS
I can cook I can not cook Can I cook? Yes, you can / No,you can´t
You can dance You can not dance Can you dance? Yes I can / No I can’t
He can play He can not play Can he play? Yes, he can / No, he can`t
She can swim She can not swim Can she swim? Yes, she can / No, she can’t
It can run It can not run Can it run? Yes, it can / No, it can’t
We can sing We can not sing Can we sing? Yes, we can / No, we can’t
Yes, they can / No, they
They can walk They can not walk Can they walk ?
can’t

LISTENING AND
SPEAKING SKILLS

LISTENING
INTRODUCTION

LEVELLING
ASSIMILATION SHARPENING

TYPES OF LISTENING
 ACTIVE LISTENING
 PASSIVE LISTENING
 MARGINAL LISTENING
 PROJECTIVE LISTENING
 SENSITIVE LISTENING

FACTORS THAT HELP IN LISTENING
 SENDER CREDIBILITY
 POSITIVE ATTITUDE
 CONCENTRATION
 QUESTION-ANSWER SEQUENCES

SPEAKING

 RATE
 PAUSES
 VOLUME
 PITCH/VOICE MODULATION
 PRONUNCIATION AND
ARTICULATION
 LANGUAGE

 INFORMAL SPEAKING
 FORMAL SPEAKING
• GROUP DISCUSSION
• JOB INTERVIEW
• MEETINGS & CONFERENCE
• PUBLIC SPEAKING & PRESENTATIONS

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ENGLISH TRAINING

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

Please have 100% open mind

Please speak one by one

Please do not use your mobile phone during the

Please participate actively

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

• Basics of English language

• Introducing your self in English

• Using basic English in a work place

• Speak English asking and answering

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

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• Because of new inventions and changes

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www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

The word formation process of inventing entirely new

• New words based on names of persons/place

• Borrowing is the process of actually borrowing words

• Direct translation of the element of a word into

• Compounding is the process of

www.brac.net facebook.com/BRACWorld twitter.com/BRACWorld

• Derivation, as ''the most common word formation

• A blending is a combination of two or more words to

• Sitcom= situation + comedy; television series

• --nouns > verbs: reduction of nouns to form verbs

• -changing the category of words

• word from initials of a set of words

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• initialisms are pronounced ''as a

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• This special type of word that depicts ''the sound

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• shortening of a poly-syllabic word.

• As we have seen before, there are many ways to

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Verb: Verbs are action or

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Adverb: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or

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Conjunction: A conjunction joins together words,

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Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase

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The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took

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A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing

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A simple sentence contains one independent clause.

What’s an “independent clause”? It’s one subject followed by

• Examples of simple sentences:

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A compound sentence has two independent clauses

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