BEARINGS- INTRODUCTION

• Bearings are machine elements which are

used to support a rotating member called
as shaft.
• They transmit the load from a rotating
member to a stationary member known as
frame or housing.
 Bearing Motions
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
• Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation
• Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the
bed, drawer in the table
• spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket
joint
• Hinge motion e.g. door
 Bearing Loads
• Radial Load
• ThrustLoad
• Combination of both.

Fr

Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load

 Bearing Loads-Radial load

The bearings that support the

shafts of motors and pulleys are
subject to a radial load.
 Bearing Loads-Thrust load

The bearings in this stool

are subject to a thrust load
 Bearing Loads-Combination of Radial
&Thrust load

The bearings in a car wheel are subject

to both thrust and radial loads.
 Bearing Classification
On the basis of contact they have between
the rotating and the stationary member

• Plain bearings
(Sliding contact)

• Rolling bearings
(Rolling contact)
Plain bearings-Sleeve Bearing

Advantages : Disadvantages:

It takes up less space. It has higher frictional resistance

It has a rigid construction It is more difficult to lubricate
It will carry loads more effectively There are limited choice of designs
It is suitable for larger diameter shafts available
It is cheap to manufacture and cost less.
They operate more silently.
They have good shock load capacity.
Sliding contact- Sleeve Bearing

Solid Sleeve Slit Sleeve Split Sleeve

Adjustable to Suitable for
Suitable to compensate large diameters
radial load wear shafts
only
 Rolling Bearings
The concept behind a ball bearing is very simple:
• Things roll better than they slide
• Two surfaces can roll over each other, the
friction is greatly reduced.
• Bearings reduce friction by providing
smooth metal balls or rollers, and a
smooth inner and outer metal surface for
the balls to roll against.
• These balls or rollers "bear" the load,
allowing the device to spin smoothly.
 Rolling Bearings
Advantages
• The rolling bearings have a lower frictional
resistance than plain bearings
• The Lubrication of rolling bearings is easier
because they can be "grease packed'
• A greater choice of roller bearing designs are
available than for plain bearings
Disadvantages
• It takes up more space than plain bearings
• The rolling bearings are not as rigid as plain
bearings
• More nosier in operation than plain bearings
Types of rolling Bearings
• Ball bearings,
• Roller bearings,
• Tapered roller bearings.
• Ball thrust bearings,
• Roller thrust bearings and
 Some Uses
• Ball bearings are found in everything from inline skates to hard
drives.
• Roller Bearings are used in applications like Conveyer Belt Rollers.
• Bars Tools and Lazy Susan Turntables use ball thrust bearings.
• Roller Thrust Bearings are used to support thrust loads in car
transmission between gears, in between housing and the rotating
shafts, etc.
• Tapered roller bearings are used in car hubs, where they are usually
mounted in pairs facing opposite directions so that they can handle
thrust in both directions.
 Introduction
• A bearing is a component used to reduce friction in a machine.
Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they
allow and according to their principle of operation.
• The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than
they slide. Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls
or rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal surface for the balls to
roll against. These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the
device to spin smoothly.
• Common motions include linear and rotary. A linear bearing allows
motion along a straight line, for example a drawer being pulled out
and pushed in. A rotary bearing allows motion about a center, such
as a wheel on a shaft or a shaft through a housing. Common kinds
of rotary motion include both one-direction rotation and oscillation
where the motion only goes through part of a revolution.
 Main Types of Bearings

• Ball Bearing, which is the most common of all the types. A sphere is
used in between two races which results in a very less contact area
making it move very smoothly. Used in applications where there is a
relatively small radial or thrust load.
• Roller Bearings, in which cylinders are used instead of spheres,
increasing the contact area so that it holds a greater radial load.
• Ball Thrust Bearings are used for low speed applications and cannot
handle much radial load.
• Roller Thrust Bearings, which can support large thrust loads.
• Tapered Roller Bearings can support large radial and thrust loads.
Ball bearing

Cutaway view of a ball bearing

Roller Bearing

Cutaway view of a Roller Bearing

Ball Thrust Bearings
Roller Thrust Bearings
 Tapered Roller Bearings

Cutaway view of (left) a spherical roller thrust bearing and (right) a radial tapered roller
bearing
 Bearings

Nizwa College of Technology

 Ball bearings

Cutaway view of a ball bearing

 Ball bearings
• In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the
outer race to the ball and from the ball to the
inner race
• Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the
inner and outer race at a very small point,
which helps it spin very smoothly
• But it also means that there is not very much
contact area holding that load, so if the bearing
is overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the
bearing
• Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads
and applications
Rolling Element Bearing Parts

Outer Race

Inner Race

Bore Ball

Cage or Separator
 Roller bearing

•Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length

than diameter.
•Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than
ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under
axial loads.
•If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity
often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing
 Roller bearing
Advantages
• They can carry greater radial loads
• The geometric shape of the rolling element
can be varied
• They are having greater area of contact
with the race ways
Disadvantages
• Not suitable to take much thrust load
• Expensive
 Taper Roller Bearings

•Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races.
•Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and
generally
can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area.
•Taper roller bearings are extensively used in Machine spindles and
gear boxes using helical gears
• The disadvantage of this bearing is that due to manufacturing
complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than
ball bearings
 Needle Bearing

A variation of the roller type of bearing is called a needle bearing, uses

cylinders with a very small diameter.
This allows the bearing to fit into tight places.
Advantages
•Smaller diameter rollers (Needles) enable larger area of contact and greater
load carrying capacity.
•Less space is occupied
Disadvantages
•More area of contact resulted in more frictional resistance to motion.
 Ball Thrust Bearing

•Ball thrust bearings like the one shown are mostly used for
low-speed applications and cannot handle much
radial load.
•Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its
end.
 Roller Thrust Bearing

Roller thrust bearings like the one illustrated can support large
thrust loads.
They are often found in gear sets like machine transmissions
between gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts.
The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth
and this causes a thrust load that must be supported by this type of
bearing
 Chapter 14
Bearings
/www2.chicago-rawhide.com

www.traxxas.com
www.continentalconveyor.com
 Bearings
Function:
• Carry load in one or several directions while
allowing frictionless motion in other directions

Fatigue = F(Pressure, Velocity)

• 3 main types of Bearings

– Rolling Element Bearings
– Sliding Bearings
– Elastomeric Bearings
www.bharatpetroleum.com

www.me.psu.edu
 2 TYPES OF ROLLING
BEARINGS

I. Ball Bearings

II. Roller Bearings

 I. Ball Bearing: Outer
race

• Ball Bearing
– Incorporates hardened
steel balls
– Steel balls geometrically
contact inner and outer
race at a point
– This creates high stresses
locally

seals Inner race

www.duratrax.com
cage
 Ball Bearings

How to Assemble
-Inner race press fit onto
shaft shoulder (FN1, FN2)
-Assembly slides into
housing (RC2) between outer
race and housing
 Types of Ball Bearings

• Deep Groove Ball

Bearings
– Primarily radial load
carrying
– Thrust load equal to
25% of radial load
– Can get as large as
300K radial load
capacity
http://my.ecplaza.net/nbsinobest/12l.asp
 Types of Ball Bearings

• Double Deep Groove

– Increases radial load
 Types of Ball Bearings
• Angular contact ball bearing
– Increased thrust load due to increase in
lateral contact area between ball and race

www.hz-bearing.com
 Types of Ball Bearings

• Thrust Bearings
– Used in applications
with significant thrust
load

http://kianho.com
 Types of Ball Bearings
• Super precision ball
bearings
– Nearly perfect spheres
– High surface finish
• Applications
– High speed grinding,
milling, boring, routing
– No Vibration!!
• Ceramics
– Hard
www.timken.com
– No deformation
 HOW It’s MADE:

1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGyo
MuE4gDQ
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8SH
Ky5tXbI&feature=related
 II. Roller Bearings

• Roller Bearings
– Hardened steel cylindrical rollers
– Line contact deforms into areas larger then
ball bearings
– Capable of carrying higher radial loads
 Types of Roller Bearings

• Needle Bearings
– 4 joint machine
applications
– As the number of rollers
goes up the greater the
contact area
– The greater the contact
area the greater the load

www.clworldwide.com
 Types of Roller Bearings

• Spherical Roller Bearings

– Centers inner race about
shaft to avoid binding

www.dclcorp.co.kr/image/Nachi3.jpg
 Types of Roller Bearings

• Tapered Roller Bearing

– Support high thrust
loads (wheel bearing)
– Supports radial load (car
weight) while supporting
thrust loads (cornering)
– Wheel rotates with little
resistance/friction

www.ahrinternational.com
 Types of Roller Bearings

• Thrust Roller Bearings

– Used in applications
with significant thrust
load

www.timken.com
Mounted Bearings

Precision machine
elements such as
transmissions, reducers,
right angle drives usually
incorporate un-mounted
bearings
 Other Types of Bearings
• Thompson linear
bearings
• Sliding Bearings
– No rolling elements
– Sleeve over shaft
where sleeve acts like
bearing (Generally
higher friction)
– Bronze good material
due to coefficient of
friction, porosity and
wear resistance
www.intbearing.com
 Other Types of Bearings
• Self Lubricating
Bearings
– Low Friction
– No lubrication needed
www.garlockbearings.com

Elastomeric Bearings

http://www.polygoncompany.com/ http://www.polygoncompany.com/
Ball Joint – 3 rotational DOF HEIM Bearing

See heim overview powerpoint

www.lordmpd.com

V-22 OSPREY Pendulum Pitch

Drive Link Hub Spring Set Spring Change Bearing

Downstop Gimbal
Bearing

Pitch Inboard Centrifugal

Change System Beam Bearing Outboard Spindle
HCL Components of V-22 Osprey
Drive Link

Centrifugal
Bearing

www.lordmpd.com
Bearing Selection see sec 14.6 – 14.10:
 Selecting Bearings
Load-Life Relationship:

k
L2  P1  P1 = load 1, L1 = life at load 1,

   k = 3.00 for ball bearings

L1  P2  k = 3.333 for roller bearings

Example: A ball bearing lasts 3,000 hours at 500 lb,

how long will it last at 1,000 lbs? SIMPLE!
 Selecting Bearings Cont’d
k
L2  P1  Most manufacturers specify
   basic dynamic load rating, C,
L1  P2  which is the load that results
in 106 cycles. So, this
equation can be rewritten as:
k
C  6
Ld    10 = Design Life for your
specific application for a
 Pd  design load of Pd

1/ k
 Ld 
C  Pd  6 
= Required dynamic load
rating for a design life =
 10  Ld
Note, these are all L10 lives!!!
Which is the life for 90% reliability
“2” = 200
series
Example: A horizontal washing machine rotates at 1,100 rpm. Spec out
bearings on ends if the dynamic radial load is 400 lb and static load is 75
lb. Want machine to last 20 years @ 3 loads per day, 30 minute cycle
time/load.
Can use charts shown in 14-12 to get C. Or
equation presented earlier.
 CAREFUL!
• Previous equations assumes: L10 life, and
inner race rotates and radial load only!!

1. Inner race rotates, then Pd = P = V*R where V = 1.0 if inner

race rotates and V = 1.2 if outer race rotates.
2. Lar = CR * L10

Washing machine example, what if want 99% reliability??

3. What if thrust load is present??? - iteration

 P = VXR + YT
P = Load
V = Rotation Factor (1.0 – Inner Race, 1.2 – Outer Race)
X = Radial Factor (.56 if Y>0)
R = Applied Radial Load
Y = Thrust Factor
T = Applied Thrust Load

*Thrust Load Present – Deep Groove Ball Bearing

START FIND R,T Usually get for shaft analysis

ASSUME Y ~1.5 *Must initially guess

P=VXR+YT

C=PdfL/fN Figure 14-12

Select Bearing Table 14-3

Compute T/Co

Find e Table 14-5 Iterate within reason

NO

YES
T/R>e? FIND Ynew Ynew=Yold?

NO
YES
P=VR

C=PdfL/fN END

Select Bearing END

Cylindrical roller bearings

 Suitable for high radial loads and

medium to high speeds
 In floating arrangements
 Compact designs:
• Single-row (N, NJ, NU und NUP)
• Double-row (NN und NNU)
 Cage variants:
• Brass (M6, MA6, MPA)
• Polyamide (TVP3)
Full complement cylindrical roller bearings

 Without cage  maximum possible

number of rollers in an available space
 Suitable for very high radial loads
 Low speed
 Black oxide coating possible (SQ94D)
Four-point contact ball bearings

 Typically unrestrained in radial direction

to accomodate thrust loads only
 Radial loads permissible, provided that:

Fa
≥ 1,27
Fr
Tapered roller bearings
• Suitable for high radial loads
as well as thrust loads in one
direction
• When paired, suitable for
thrust loads in both directions
• Custom designs possible
Special cylindrical roller bearings

 Special specifications:
• optimised component geometry
• surface treatment / coating
 Custom designs
 Ready-to-mount units
 … etc.
Other types of bearings:

For smaller gearboxes NKE deep groove ball bearings and

angular contact ball bearings are also used.

Deep groove ball bearing

Angular contact ball bearing
 Popular, economical
 Suitable for high speed operation
 Suitable for very high rotating
speeds  Able to accommodate both radial
and thrust loads
 Various seals and grease
variants available for different
operating conditions