BASICS OF HYDRAULICS

1) DEFINITIONS
1.1) HYDRAULICS BASIC
DEFINITIONS
1.2) CLASSIFICATION
&
1.2.1) HYDROSTATICS FORMULAE
1.2.2) HYDRODYNAMICS
1.3) FORCE , PRESSURE , AREA
1.4) PASCAL’S LAW

2) MULTIPLICATION OF FORCES
2.1) BRAMAH’S PRESS
2.2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

3) HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION

3.1) LINEAR ACTUATOR USES OF
HYDRAULICS
3.2) ROTARY ACTUATOR
 BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
4) ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
4.1) SPEED CONTROL
4.2) DIRECTION CONTROL
4.3) FORCE CONTROL
4.4) OVERLOAD PROTECTION ADVANTAGES
4.5) COMPACTNESS OF
HYDRAULICS

5) HOW PRESSURE IS CREATED

PRACTICAL
DETAILS IN
HYDRAULICS
  HYDRAULICS

HYDRO AULUS
( meaning Water ) ( meaning Pipe )
HYDRAULICS :
Work done by fluids in pipes.

Hydraulics is Classifed as

HYDROSTATICS HYDRODYNAMICS
 HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
Eg.:- FORCE
F1
F1 = 1 Kg
A1 = 1 Cm2

P = F1 = 1 Kg
A1 1 Cm2 AREA
A1
= 1 Kg / Cm2

( Same Pressure P )

A2 = 10 Cm2
F2 = P x A2
= 1 x 10
FORCE AREA
= 10 Kg F2 A2
 HYDRODYNAMICS
LIQUID AT
HIGH VELOCITY

NOZZLE

TURBINE
 IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL FORCE EXERTED
ON A SURFACE WE NEED TO KNOW THE PRESSURE OR
FORCE PER UNIT AREA.

 PRESSURE = FORCE FORCE IN  KILOGRAMS ( Kg )

AREA AREA IN  SQ. CM ( Cm2 )
PRESSURE IN  KILOGRAM / SQ.CM
(Kg / Cm2 )
P = F
A
 FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
 F
THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR EXERTS UNIFORM PRESSURE
ALL ROUND. THIS PRESSURE IS APPROX. 1 Kg / Cm2 AND
IS DENOTED AS 1 BAR ( BAROMETER ) P A
 PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS
TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND
ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT
RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM.
 PRESSURE APPLIED ON A  FRENCH SCIENTIST
CONFINED FLUID PASCAL DISCOVERED
THIS LAW IN THE
IS TRANSMITTED
17th CENTURY.
 UNDIMINISHED
 IN ALL DIRECTIONS • RELATES TO
 ACTS WITH EQUAL USE OF CONFINED FLUID
IN
FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS  TRANSMITTING
AND POWER
 MODIFYING
 AT RIGHT ANGLES TO MOTION
THEM  MULTIPLYING
FORCE.
 PASCAL’S LAW
FORCE F1
SMALL AREA
A1

PRESSURE
P = F1
P
A1
F2 = P x A2

LARGE AREA
A2
FORCE F2
 BRAMAH’S PRESS
THIS
HYDRAULIC LEVERAGE PRESSURE
SUPPORTS A
WT OF 100 Kg
10 Kg ON A IF AREA IS
1Cm2 AREA 100 kg 10 Cm2
PRESSURE
10
kg DEVELOPED
1Cm2 THROUGHOUT 10 Cm2
IS 10 Kg / Cm2

INPUT THE FORCES ARE PROPORTIONAL OUTPUT

TO THE PISTON AREAS
10 Kg = 100 Kg
1 Cm2 10 Cm2
MECHANICAL LEVERAGE WILL
BALANCE A
A LOAD 100 Kg LOAD OF
10 Kg OF 10 Kg 100 Kg
HERE HERE
10 1
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
MOVING THE SMALL PISTON 10 Cm OF LIQUID WILL
10 Cm DISPLACES MOVE LARGER PISTON
1 Cm2 x 10 Cm = 10 Cm3 OF LIQUID ONLY 1Cm.
10 Cm2 x 1 Cm = 10 Cm3
10 Q=Axh 100 kg

1 Cm
kg
1Cm2 10 Cm2
10 Cm

WORK DONE = FORCE x DISTANCE MOVED

W=Fxd
W=Fxd W=Fxd
= 10 Kg x 10 Cm = 100 Kg x 1 Cm
= 100 Kg-Cm = 100 Kg-Cm

 ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED.

 WHAT IS GAINED BY FORCE IS SACRIFICED IN THE
DISTANCE MOVED.
 HYDRAULIC POWER TRANSMISSION
LINEAR ACTUATOR

PUMP LOAD

PISTON & ROD

TO RESERVOIR
ROTARY ACTUATOR
HYDRO MOTOR
PUMP
 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 SPEED CONTROL
PISTON MOVES
MAXIMUM SPEED “X” Cm IN 1 min.
THIS VOL.
(No speed control ) 10 lpm IS 10 Lts.
Q=AxV PUMP
Q  Flow
(Cm3/min)
A  Area
( Cm2 )
FLOW
V  Velocity CONTROL
(Cm/ min ) VALVE
10 lpm

(Speed control ) PUMP 5 lpm

RELIEF
VALVE

ACTUATOR GETS ONLY 5

LPM AND TRAVELS “X/2”
Cm IN ONE MIN.
 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 HYDRAULIC DRIVES ARE REVERSIBLE
DIRECTION CONTROL

PUMP RELIEF
VALVE

DIRECTIONAL THE CYLINDER

ROD EXTENDS
VALVE

RELIEF
PUMP VALVE

DIRECTIONAL THE CYLINDER

VALVE ROD RETRACTS
 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
 OVER LOAD PROTECTION

 RELIEF VALVE PROTECTS THE SYSTEM BY MAINTAINING

THE SYSTEM SET PRESSURE.

 ANY INCREASE IN PRESSURE IN SYSTEM IS RELEAVED

TO TANK . ( MOMENTARILY DIVERTING FLOW TO THE
TANK. )

 THUS OVERLOAD PROTECTION IS ACHIEVED.

 PRESSURE HEAD
PUMP INLET LOCATIONS

PRESSURE HERE IS
OIL LEVEL ABOVE PUMP 0.85 x 100 gm / Cm2
CHARGES INLET 100 Cm = 0.085 Kg / Cm2

PUMP
INLET OUTLET

INLET OUTLET
PUMP
OIL LEVEL BELOW PUMP
REQUIRES VACUUM TO
“LIFT “ OIL 100 Cm THERE MUST BE A VACUUM
EQUIVALENT TO
0.085 Kg / Cm2 TO LIFT THE
OIL
PUMP MECHANISM CREATES
THE LOWER PRESSURE
CONDITION.
 HOW PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED
NO PRESSURE

PUMP
NO RESTRICTION
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2

PRESSURE
BUILDS UP
WITH RESTRICTION PUMP

RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
PRESSURE BUILDS
UPTO RELIEF VALVE
SETTING (100 Kg / Cm2)
PUMP
CLOSING
RELIEF
VALVE

Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
 PARALLEL FLOW PATHS

10
THE OIL CAN CHOOSE
A
10 BAR OPENS VALVE A
3 PATHS
PUMP
B
20 BAR OPENS VALVE B

C
30 BAR OPENS VALVE C

IF FLOW IS BLOCKED
OIL TAKES THE BEYOND “ A”
PATH OF LEAST 20
RESISTANCE
OIL WILL FLOW
THRO “B” WHEN
PUMP PRESSURE
REACHES 20 BAR
SERIES RESISTANCE ADD PRESSURE

P1 = 0
A 0
10 BAR

P2 = ( P1 + 10 )
10 = 0 + 10
B
20 BAR = 10 BAR

P3 = ( P2 + 20 )

C 30 = 10 + 20
30 BAR = 30 BAR

P = ( P3 + 30 )
PUMP
60 = 30 + 30
= 60 BAR
 PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
 HOW FLOW IS MEASURED ?
 VELOCITY
 FLOW ( FLOW RATE )
 FLOW RATE AND SPEED
 FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

FLOW IS THE ACTION IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

THAT GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS MOTION.
PRESSURE GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS FORCE , BUT
FLOW IS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE MOVEMENT.

FLOW IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS CREATED BY THE

PUMP
PRESSURE INDICATES WORK LOAD.
VELOCITY : IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF THE FLUID’S
PARTICLES PAST A GIVEN POINT
OR
THE AVERAGE DISTANCE THE PARTICLES
TRAVEL PER UNIT OF TIME.
Unit :m/Sec or m / min ( Metres / Sec or Metres/min )

FLOW RATE : IS THE VOLUME OF FLUID PASSING A POINT

IN A GIVEN TIME.
Unit: Cm3 / min or l / min ( cc / minute or litres / min )

SPEED OF AN ACTUATOR DEPENDES ON THE ACTUATOR

SIZE AND RATE OF FLOW INTO IT.
Q=AxV
FLOW IN Cm3 / min : AREA IN Cm 2 : VELOCITY IN Cm / min
 FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP

MAX. PRESSURE SUCEEDINGLY LOWER LEVEL OF LIQUID

HERE BECAUSE SHOWS PRESSURE IS REDUCED AT POINTS
OF THE HEAD OF DOWNSTREAM FROM SOURCE.
THE FLUID

PRESSURE
GRADIENT

FRICTION IN PIPE PRESSURE IS

DROPS PRESSURE ZERO HERE AS
THE FLUID
FLOWS OUT
UNRESTRICTED
DUE TO EFFECT OF FRICTION RECOMMENDED VELOCITY RANGES ARE :
1.) PUMP INLET LINE  0.6 ~ 1.2 metres / Second
2.) WORKING LINE ( PR. LINES) : 2~6 metres / Second
 NOR DOES A
GRADUAL
CHANGE IN
LAMINAR FLOW DIRECTION.

LOW VELOCITY FLOW IN A

STRAIGHT PIPE IS STREAMLINED.
THE FLUID PARTICLES MOVE
PARALLEL TO FLOW DIRECTION.
SO DOES AN ABRUPT
TURBULENT FLOW CHANGE IN DIRECTION.

AN ABRUPT
THE FLOW MAY START OUT CHANGE IN CROSS-
STREAMLINED. SECTION MAKES IT NON PARALLEL PATHS OF PARTICLES
TURBULENT. INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FLOW.