Multiplexing

.
 Multiplexing

 Used when the total medium transmission capacity exceeds the

channel’s one.
 Channels are multiplexed for a better use of medium.
 Useful for long-haul communications; trunks are fiber, coaxial,
microwave high capacity links.
 Higher data rate transmission
 Better cost-effective transmissions for a given application over a
given distance.
 Multiplexing (Conti…)

Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry

only one signal at any moment in time.
For multiple signals to share one medium, the
medium must somehow be divided, giving each
signal a portion of the total bandwidth.
The current techniques that can accomplish this
include time division multiplexing, frequency
division multiplexing, and wavelength division
multiplexing.
 Techniques

TDM : Time Division Multiplexing

 synchronous
 statistical
FDM : Frequency Division Multiplexing
WDM : Wavelength Division Multiplexing – for optical
transmissions
CDM : Code Division Multiplexing
 Time Division Multiplexing
 Sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing
available transmission time on a medium among
users.
 Digital signaling is used exclusively.
 Time division multiplexing comes in two basic
forms:
1. Synchronous time division multiplexing, and
2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division
multiplexing.
 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

The original time division multiplexing.

The multiplexer accepts input from attached
devices in a round-robin fashion and transmit the
data in a never ending pattern.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common
examples of synchronous time division multiplexing.
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (Conti….)

 If one device generates data at a faster rate than other

devices, then the multiplexer must either sample the
incoming data stream from that device more often than
it samples the other devices, or buffer the faster
incoming stream.
 If a device has nothing to transmit, the multiplexer
must still insert a piece of data from that device into the
multiplexed stream.
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

 A statistical multiplexer transmits only the data

from active workstations.
 If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted
on the multiplexed stream.
 A statistical multiplexer accepts the incoming data
streams and creates a frame containing only the data
to be transmitted.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 A number of signals carried simultaneously, each signal

modulated onto a different carrier frequency, which are
separated for avoiding signals bandwidths to overlap (use
of guard bands).

 Input signals are analog or digital, converted to analog,

multiplexed onto an analog composite signal.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (conti..)
 Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges
to each “user” or signal on a medium. Thus, all
signals are transmitted at the same time, each using
different frequencies.
 A multiplexer accepts inputs and assigns
frequencies to each device.
 The multiplexer is attached to a high-speed
communications line.
 A corresponding multiplexer, or demultiplexer, is
on the end of the high-speed line and separates the
multiplexed signals.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
 Wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes
multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line.
 Different lasers transmit multiple signals at
different wavelengths.
 Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted
at a different rate from the other signals.
 Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines
many wavelengths (30, 40, 50, 60, more?) onto one
fiber.
 Coarse wavelength division multiplexing combines
only a few wavelengths.
 Code Division Multiplexing
 CDM allows signals from a series of
independent sources to be transmitted at the
same time over the same frequency band.
 This is accomplished by using orthogonal
codes to spread each signal over a large,
common frequency band.
 The technique used is Spread Spectrum
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
 Introduction

• Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost

Synchronous , but not fully synchronous.

• In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating

its own clock for synchronization.
Generation Of PCM
Signal(Digital Signal)
 DS0 Signal Derivation
ft Analog Signal

t
PCM Line Sampling
• Sampling rate = 8,000 samples/second – how?

• Nyquist Theorem: sampling rate = 2 x highest audible

frequency (4,000 Hz)

 2 x 4,000 = 8,000 samples/second

Each sample is 8 bits wide: the resulting signal rate will be
8 bits x 8,000 samples/second = 64,000 bits/second, hence

1 DS0 = 64 Kb/s
 PDH Bit Rates
Europe North America Japan
 DS1Signal Derivation
DS1 Frame

F CH 1 CH 2 CH 19 CH 20 CH 21 CH 22 CH 23 CH 24

Framing 192 Bits of Encoded Voice (24 Channels)

Bit

Total bits per DS1 frame = 192 + 1 = 193 bits

Sampling rate = 8,000 samples/second

DS1 Rate = 193 bits x 8,000 samples/second

= 1.544 Mb/s
 DS3 Signal

Higher Rate signal

1 DS3 = 28 DS1s / 672 DS0s
Line Rate
1 DS3 = 28 * (Line rate of DS1s) + overhead and
framing bits
= 44.736 Mbps
 North American Hierarchy

Level Line Rate Capacity Physical Media

VF(DS0) 64 Kb/s 1 voice circuit Copper wire
DS1 1.544 Mb/s 24 voice circuits Copper wire
DS1C 3.152 Mb/s 2 x DS1 = 48 VF Copper (screened)
DS2 6.312 Mb/s 4 x DS1 = 96 VF Copper, µwave, fiber
DS3 44.736 Mb/s 28 x DS1 = 672 VF µwave, fiber
Proprietary ~ 565 Mb/s 12 x DS3 = 8,064 VF Single-mode fiber

Hierarchy breaks down above the DS3 level

Asynchronous bit-stuffing penalties mount
 Signal Equivalence
Asynchronous Synchronous (SONET/SDH)
Maps into
1 DS1 1 VT1.5/C11
x 28 x 28
Maps into
1 DS3 1 STS-1/C3
Electrical (sync) Optical (sync)
Is equivalent to
1 STS-1 1 OC-1
x n x n
Is equivalent to
1 STS-n 1 OC-n
Async. - Hierarchy
 Bit
Stuffing

Pleisochronous Multiplexing
 MUX

HIGHER ORDER MUX

 Bit-Interleaved
Multiplexing
•It is TDM
•One bit will be taken from all Tributaries.
TYPICAL OPTICAL LINK
• PDH
 PDH NETWORK ELEMENTS

o TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
MUX
OLTE
o REGENERATOR
X BLOCK (INSTALLED IN THE MUX RACK)

PWR & Channel Interface

ALM Unit Unit
Unit
Switch
U-Links

Alarms Alarms

MUX
 JUMP MUX

2 Mbps

2 Mbps
M13 MUX 34 Mbps

2 Mbps

2 Mbps
OLTE BLOCK (INSTALLED IN THE OLTE
RACK)
Power & Alarm Unit Tx Unit Rx Unit

Optical
Adapter
Switch

LSOD LOF
Error LOS
Major
Error major
Error
Minor Error Minor
Alarm Monitor
Laser Power On(Green always)
ON
AIS
Laser
Shut
Off
OLTE(Optical Line Terminating Equipment)
 OPTIMUX

COMPRISES OF MUX & OPTICAL UNITS

 MIX RACK
(ACCOMODATES BOTH - OLTE & MUX)
REG RACK
Limitations Of
PDH
Limitations

Identifying exact location of frame is difficult.

PDH Frame
start
start
start
start
start
Limitations (contd..)

Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming

565 140
MUX & LTE

MUX & LTE

Mbit/s
140-565

140-565
Mbit/
s

34
34-140 MUX

34-140 MUX
Mbit/s

8 Mbit/s
8-34 MUX

8-34 MUX
2
Mbit/s
2-8 MUX

2-8 MUX

Pdh.exe

Drop & Add

SDH Transport
Systems
 Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy-The work House of
Telecommunication
 SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL
SIGNAL :
SYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL:
In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital transitions in the
signals occur at exactly the same rate. There may be a phase
difference between the transitions of the two signals, and this
would lie on specified limits.

In a synchronous network, all the clocks are traceable to one

primary reference clock (PRC). The accuracy of the PRC is
better than 0.1 in 1011 and is derived from a cesium atomic
standard.
 SYNCHRONIZATION OF DIGITAL
SIGNAL :
PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL:
If two digital signals are plesiochoronous then their
transitions occur at “almost” the same rate, with any
variation being constrained within tight limits. Although this
clocks are extremely accurate, there is a difference between
one clock and the other.
ASYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL:
If two digital signals are Asynchronous then their transitions
occur at “entirely” different rate.
The two digital signals are out of phase
 Which implies that all the digital signals are not
synchronized to a common clock
Requirement Of Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy ( SDH )
Need for extensive network management capability within the
hierarchy.
Standard interfaces between equipment.
Need for inter-working between north American and European
systems.
Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a high speed
signal.
Standardization of equipment management process.
Typical Example of
SDH System

SDH Bit Rate Product

STM-1 155.52Mbit/s TN-1X

STM-4 622.08Mbit/s TN-4XE

STM-16 2488.32Mbit/s TN-16X

STM-64 9957.28Mbit/s TN-64X

The Network Elements of
SDH Network :

 Regenerator (Reg.)
 Terminal Multiplexer
(TM)
 Add/Drop Multiplexer
(ADM)
 Digital Cross Connect
(DXC)
egenerator (Reg.)

STM- STM-
N Regenerator N

It regenerates the clock and amplifies the

incoming distorted and attenuated signal.

It derive the clock signal from the

incoming data stream.
Regenerator
rminal Multiplexer (TM)

PDH Terminal STM-N

SDH Multiplexer

It combines the Plesionchronous and

synchronous input signals into higher bit
rate STM-N Signal.
Terminal Multiplexer
d/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Add / Drop
STM-N STM-N
Multiplexer

PDH SDH
Add/Drop Multiplexer
ADM makes
possibilities of
Extraction from & insertion into high speed SDH bit
streams of Plesiochronous and lower bit rate synchronous
signal.

Ring structure of network which provides the advantage of

automatic back-up path switching in the event of fault.
gital Cross Connect (DXC)

STM- STM-
16 16
STM-4 STM-4
STM-1 STM-1
140 140
Mbit/s Mbit/s
34 34
Mbit/s Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s Cross - 2 Mbit/s
Connect
gital Cross Connect (DXC)

Digital Cross Connect:

A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the
capability of interconnecting tributaries

An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection

and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in
case of a Digital Cross Connect
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF SDH
LAYER
General view of Path Section
designations

PD
SDH # PD
SDH Regenerator SDH
H
AT
multiplexerSD Cross- multiplexer
H
AT
M
IP SD SD M
IP
H H connect H

Regenera Regenera
tor tor
Section Section
Multiplex Multiplex
Section Section

Path