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Immunity
and
Vaccination
Presented by
2. Cells
3. Molecules
Immune System
(1) organs
Tonsils and adenoids
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Payer’s patches
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Bone marrow
Immune system
(2) cells
Lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes, plasma cells
natural killer lymphocytes
Monocytes, Macrophage
Granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Immune system
(3) molecules
Antibodies
Complement
Cytokines
Interleukines
Interferons
Role of the Immune System
Defense against microbes.
Homeostasis.
Destruction of abnormal or dead cells
(e.g. dead red or white blood cells, antigen-
antibody complex)
Immunity
Immunity is a state of having
sufficient biological defenses
to
avoid infection, disease,
or
other unwanted biological invasion,
and
is related to the functions of the
immune system
Concepts of Immunity
Traditional concept
Immunity refers to protection against
infectious diseases.
Modern concept
Immunity is a function of which an
individual recognizes and excludes
antigenic foreign substances. It is
normally beneficial, but sometimes, it
is injurious.
Types of Immunity
Innate Immunity
(Native immunity/ non-specific
immunity /congenital immunity)
Adaptive Immunity
(Acquired immunity/specific immunity)
Immunity Mechanism
Sero-
Maternal Natural Artificial
Prophylaxis
Immunity Infection Vaccination
Ig
Innate Immunity
(Natural Immunity/ Non-Specific
Immunity)
Exists at birth.
Anatomic barrier:
blood- brain barrier
blood- placental barrier
blood- thymus barrier
Innate Immunity
Composition
Health & intact skin & mucous membrane prevent
invasion of microorganism.
Immune memory
(Adaptive immunity can be enhanced by the
second stimulation of the same antigen).
Transferable.
Self-limitation.
Adaptive Immunity
Composition
Immunoglobulin:
IgG form 75% of Ig, found in serum & tissue fluid, pass
placental barrier.
IgA, serum IgA & secretory IgA present in mucosal
secretion.
IgM, predominant antibody in pry immune response.
IgD
IgE, present in hypersensitivity reactions.
Immune Response
Pry immune response
When an antigen is administered to a person for the first
time there is a latent period (induction) before antibodies
appear in the blood.
Live vaccine:
Small pox prepared from cow pox which gives
cross immunity with variola virus of small pox.
Active Acquired Immunity
Artificial active acquired immunity:
Live attenuated vaccines:
Should not be given to persons with
immunodeficient diseases or persons whose
immunity is suppressed in case of pregnancy or
cortisone therapy.
It is usually given for only one dose except for polio.
Must properly stored to retain its effect.
Examples:
Measles
Rubella
Mumps
Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Yellow fever
Tuberculosis
Active Acquired Immunity
Artificial active acquired immunity:
Killed or inactivated vaccines:
killed by heat or chemicals.
Generally, killed vaccines are less effective than live
vaccine.
Killed vaccines usually require primary series of 2-3
doses to produce adequate antibodies response.
Usually given by s.c or i.m injections.
Examples:
Salk vaccine of polio
Pertussis vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Cholera vaccine
Active Acquired Immunity
Artificial active acquired immunity:
Toxoid:
Diphtheria & tetanus produce toxins, which are
detoxicated (losses toxicity & retaining antigenicity).
Cellular fraction:
Meningococcal vaccine of the polysaccharide antigen
of the cell wall.
Pneumococcal vaccine from polysaccharide
contained in the capsule of the organism.
Polysaccharide B hemophilus influenza.
Surface antigen:
HbsAg
Immunodeficiency
Loss or inadequate function of various
components of the immune system.