Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1
LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION
• Interpolation in one dimension
x1 x x2
u1 u(x) u2
u ( x) N1 ( x)u1 N 2 ( x)u2
x x2 x x1
N1 ( x) , N 2 ( x)
x1 x2 x2 x1
lx x
u ( x) u1 u2
l l
2
LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
uII
• Along edge 1-2, y = y1 (constant) 4 3
y
u
uI (x,y1 ) [n1(x) n2 (x)] 1
u2
x x2 x x1
1 uI x 2
n1(x) , n2 (x)
x1 x 2 x 2 x1
u4
uII (x,y 3 ) [n4 (x) n3 (x)]
u3
x x3 x x4
n4 (x) , n3 (x)
x 4 x3 x3 x 4
3
LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
uII
• Y-direction 4 3
y
uI (x,y1 )
u(x,y) [n1(y) n4 (y)]
II
u (x,y 3
)
1 uI x 2
y y4 y y1
n1(y) , n4 (y)
y1 y 4 y 4 y1
• Combine together
u1
[n1(x) n2 (x)]
u2
u(x,y) [n1(y) n4 (y)]
[n (x) n (x)] u4
4 3
u3
4
LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
• Final form
u1
u
u(x,y) [n1(x)n1(y) n2 (x)n1(y) n3 (x)n4 (y) n 4 (x)n 4 (y)] 2
u3
u4
1
N
1 n1 (x)n1 (y) (x 3 x)(y 3 y) 4
A 3
y
1
N n (x)n (y) (x x)(y y)
2 2 1
A
1 3
N n (x)n (y) 1 (x x)(y y)
3 3 4
A
1 1
1 2
1
x
N4 n4 (x)n4 (y) (x 3 x)(y1 y)
A
5
SHAPE FUNCTIONS
• Shape functions for rectangular elements are product of
Lagrange interpolations in the two coordinate directions.
• Note that N1(x, y) is:
– 1 at node 1 and 0 at other nodes.
– Linear function of x along edge 1-2 and linear function of y along edge
1-4.
– Zero along edge 2-3 and 3-4.
• Other shape functions have similar behavior.
4 3
1 2
6
INTERPOLATION cont.
• Displacement interpolation
– Same interpolation for both u and v.
u1
v
1
u2
u N 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v 2
{u} 1
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 u3
v 3
u4
v 4
7
Quiz like questions
• Which node has the shape function
y
(1-x)(1-y)?
• If the displacements at all the
nodes are zero except that 4 (0,1) 3 (1,1)
v3=0.02, what are the
displacements at the point
(0.5,0.5), the center of the element/
• Why is it important that the
displacements vary linearly along x
an edge? 1 (0,0) 2 (1,0)
• Answers in the notes page
8
EXAMPLE 6.3
• Shape Functions y
( x 3)( y 2) x( y 2)
N1 N2 4 (0,2) 3 (3,2)
6 6
xy y ( x 3)
N3 N4
6 6
x
1 (0,0) 2 (3,0)
N1 N2
9
STRAIN DISPLACEMENT MATRIX
• Strain-displacement relation
– Similar to CST element
u 4 4 Ni
xx
x x i1
Ni (x,y)ui
i1 x
ui u1
v
1
u2
y y3 0 y3 y 0 y y1 0 y1 y 0
v 2
{ } 0
1
x x3 0 x1 x 0 x x1 0 x3 x
A u
x x 3 y y3 x1 x y 3 y x x 1 y y 1 x 3 x y1 y 3
v 3
u4
v 4
[B]{q}
– [B] is a linear function of x and y.
– Strain will change linearly within the element (not completely linear in
both directions)
10
STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Element stiffness matrix (from strain energy)
h h (e) T
U(e)
T (e) T (e)
{ } [ C]{ } dA { q } [B] 83 [ C] 33 [B] 38 dA{ q }
2A 2 A
1 (e) T (e)
{q } [k ]88 {q(e) }
2
36 1
8 312 1 3
8
3
12 1
8
6
13
8
1 3 13
1 3 1 3
312
8 6 8 6 8 12 8
312 13
8
3
6 1
8
6
1 3
8
3
12
1
8
3
Eh 183
1 3 13
312 1
12
[k ]
(e) 6 8 6 8 8
1
8 6 8 6 8 8
8 312
3 1 3 1 3 13
12 8 8 6 8 6
6 1 3 3 1
312 13 3
1
13
8 12 8 8 6 8
8 312 1
8
3
12
1 3
8
6 1
8
3
6
11
APPLIED LOADS
• Nodal and distributed forces are the same with CST element
• Body force (constant body force b = {bx, by}T)
b x b x
V (e)
h [u v] dA {q } h [N] dA
(e) T T
A b y A b y
{q(e) } T {fb(e) }
1 0 b x
0 b
1
y
1 0 b x
b
hA 0 1 x hA b y
{fb }
(e)
4 1
0 b y 4 b x
b y
0 1
Equally divide the total magnitude
1 0 b x of the body force to the four nodes
b
0 1
y
12
EXAMPLE 6.4– SIMPLE SHEAR
y
• E = 10 GPa, v = 0.25, h=0.1m
• F = 100 kN/m2
• {Qs} = {u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4}T. 4 f 3
xx 1 0.25 0 0 0
1010 0.25
yy 1 0 0 0 Pa
1 0.25 2
0 0.375 2.5 10 5 105 How do you
xy
0
check the
stresses?
gxy Deformed
Undeformed shape
shape
14
Quiz-like problems
• In the rectangular element, what is the dependence of xx on x
and y?
• If in the element shown on Slide 13, if we fully constrain Node
4 (that is also no x displacement)
– Calculate the displacements
– Calculate the strains
– Calculate the horizontal reaction at Node 4
• Answers in notes page
0
0
0
y 1 0 1 y 0 y 0 y 0 y
{ } 0 0 1 x
0
x 1 0 x 0 x 2.5 10 5 0
2.5 10 5
x 1 y 1 x 1 y x y 1 x y x
0
0
0
15
EXAMPLE 6.5 – PURE BENDING
• Couple M = 100 kN.m, same material properties same h
y
• Analytical solution
f
M( L2 )
( xx )max 6.0MPa 4 3
I
xx 6.0(1 2y) MPa 1m
1m
• FEM solution
1 2 f
– Non-zero DOFs: u2, v2, u3, and v3. x
u2 0.4091mm, v 2 0.4091mm
u3 0.4091mm, v 3 0.4091mm
16
EXAMPLE – PURE BENDING cont.
• Strain & Stress 0
0
0.41
y 1 0 1 y 0 y 0 y 0 0.41 10 3 (1 2y)
0.41
{ } 0 x 1 0 x 0 x 0 1 x 3
0.41
10 0
x 1 y 1 x 1 y x y 1 x y 0.41 10 3
(1 2x)
0.41
0
0
xx 1 0.25 0 0.41 10 3 (1 2y) 4.4(1 2y)
1010
0.25
yy 2
1 0
0 1.1(1 2y) MPa
1 0.25
0 0 0.375 0.41 10 3 (1 2x) 1.6(1 2x)
xy
Undeformed
shape
Unable to make curvature
Deformed Trapezoidal shape -> non-zero shear stress
shape
(xx)max /(xx)exact = 4.364/6.0 (73%)
Exact????
17