PGT 212

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC

COMMUNICATION
PART 1

By : Puan Dayang Khadijah Bt Hamzah

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION
Significant of Human Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging
information – to convey their thought, ideas,
feeling etc.
Barriers to Communications
• Language: human, computer, or electronic
• Distance: space between sending and
receiving parties
- In electronic definition, EC means sending and
receiving data or information via electronic
equipment or instrument.
- any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images,
sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature
transmitted in whole or in part by wire,
radio, electromagnetic, photo-electronic or
photo-optical system that affects interstate or
foreign commerce.
- Electronic communication such as telephone,
radio, TV and internet increased our ability to
share information.
Why Use Electronic Communications?
Electronic communications adds a powerful new channel that
not only will change how you use this mix of options, but it
will create entirely new ways to interact. For example:-

• Electronic communications lets you combine numerous

media - text, graphics sound, video, etc. - into a single
message. In contrast to broadcasting, narrowcasting
reflects the ability to develop numerous communications .

• Electronic communications is interactive.

• Electronic communications creates a new form of many-to-

many communications.
COMMON FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

• Human voice: face-to-face conversations,

public speakers, actors in plays, etc.
• Audio: CDs, tape, records, radio
• Body language: non-verbal
• Print: newspapers, magazines, books, etc.
• Film: still and movie
• Video: movies, graphics and animation
• Music: personal, concerts
FORMS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
• Radio and TV broadcasting
• Telephone, wired and
wireless
• Fax
• Pagers
MEDIUM
• Computer networks:
modem, e-mail, Internet and
World Wide Web, wireless
• Satellites, radar, radio
telescopes
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• All electronic communication system have a
transmitter, channel or medium, and a
receiver.
• The process begin when a human generates
some kind of message, data or other
intelligence that must be received by others.
• A message may also generate by computer or
electronic current.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS

Transmitter Channel Receiver

Communications
TX medium RX

Noise
Information to be Received
information
transmitted
• Message, in form in electronic signal is fed to
transmitter
• The, Tx transmit the message over the
communication channel.
• This message pickup by the receiver and relayed
to user.
• Along the way, noise is added in the comm.
Channel and in the receiver.
• Noise is general term applied to any
phenomenon that degrades or interferes with the
transmitted information.
Types of Electronics Communication

Channel Simplex:
TX RX One-way

Duplex:
Two-way
TX RX
Half duplex:
Channel(s) Alternate TX/RX
Full duplex:
RX TX Simultaneous
TX/RX
Types of Electronics Communication
• Electronic communications are classified according to
whether they are
 One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex)
transmissions
 Analog or digital signals.

Simplex
The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to
as simplex.
 This type of communication is one-way. Examples are: Radio
 TV broadcasting
 Beeper (personal receiver)
Full Duplex
Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as
duplex.
When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex.
The telephone is an example of this type of communication.

Half Duplex
The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits
at a time is known as half duplex. Examples are:
 Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
 Citizen band (CB)
 Family radio
 Amateur radio
Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current.
Examples are: Sine wave , Voice ,Video (TV)
Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments.
Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:
• Telegraph (Morse code)
• Continuous wave (CW) code
• Serial binary code (used in computers)

Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c)
Serial binary code
 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
• Cycle - One complete occurrence of a repeating
wave (periodic signal) such as one positive and
one negative alternation of a sine wave.
• Frequency - the number of cycles of a signal that
occur in one second.
• Period - the time distance between two similar
points on a periodic wave.
• Wavelength - the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic (radio) wave during one period.
Frequency
• A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according to
its frequency and wavelength.

• Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that

occur in a given period of time.

• A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current

reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.

• Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).

• The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

Wavelength
• Wavelength is the distance occupied by one
cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in
meters.
• Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one
cycle.
• The wavelength of a signal is represented by
the Greek letter lambda (λ).
PERIOD AND FREQUENCY

T = One period

time

One cycle Frequency = f = 1/T

 +
T

0 time

f = 1/T

distance
CALCULATING WAVELENGTH & FREQUENCY
Basic Formula

 = 300/f

f = 300/

 = wavelength in meters

f = frequency in MHz
Different Between Frequency and
Wavelength

Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength

Wavelength

Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency

8
Speed of light = 3 × 10 meters/second
Therefore:
8
λ = 3 × 10 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is
4MHz?
8
λ = 3 × 10 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)
Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal.

• Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies

required to transmit the desired information.
• Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between
approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been spoken for.
• There is tremendous competition for these frequencies,
between companies, individuals, and government
services in individual carriers and between the different
nations of the world.
• The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most
precious natural resources.
• Communication engineering is devoted to
making the best use of that finite spectrum.
• Great effort goes into developing
communication techniques that minimize the
bandwidth required to transmit given
information and thus conserve spectrum
space.
• This provides more room for additional
communication channels and gives other
services or users an opportunity to take
advantage of it.
Spectrum Management and
Standards
• Spectrum management is provided by agencies
set up by the United States and other countries to
control spectrum use. The Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) and the
National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) are two agencies that deal
in spectrum management.
• Standards are specifications and guidelines
necessary to ensure compatibility between
transmitting and receiving equipment.
 30 Hz 107 m

ELF
300 Hz 106 m

VF
3 kHz 105 m

(f = 300/)
VLF
30 kHz 104 m

LF
300 kHz 103 m
MF
3 MHz 102 m
HF

Frequency
30 MHz 10 m
FROM 30 HZ TO 300 GHZ

Wavelength

300 MHz 1m

3 GHz 10-1 m

30 GHz 10-2 m
VHF UHF SHF EHF
( = 300/f)

300 GHz 10-3 m

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Millimeter
waves
10-4 m
LOW AND MEDIUM FREQUENCIES

• Extremely Low Frequencies - 30 to 300 Hz

• Voice Frequencies - 300 to 3000 Hz
• Very Low Frequencies - 3 kHz to 30 kHz
• Low Frequencies - 30 kHz to 300 kHz
• Medium Frequencies - 300 kHz to 3 MHz
HIGH FREQUENCIES
• High Frequencies - 3 MHz to 30 MHz
• Very High Frequencies - 30 MHz to 300 MHz
• Ultra High Frequencies - 300 MHz to 3 GHz
(1 GHz and above = microwaves)
• Super High Frequencies - 3 GHz to 30 GHz
• Extremely High Frequencies - 30 GHz to 300
GHz
300 GHz 10-3 m
Millimeter
waves
10-4 m

10-5 m
Infrared
0.8 x 10-6 m
Visible
0.4 x 10-6 m

Ultraviolet

X-rays
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

Gamma rays
SPECTRUM ABOVE 300 GHZ

Cosmic rays
Wavelength
Communications Applications
Simplex
• AM and FM broadcasting
• Digital radio – Paging services
• TV broadcasting – Navigation and direction-
finding services
• Digital television (DTV)
– Telemetry
• Cable television
– Radio astronomy
• Facsimile
– Surveillance
• Wireless remote control
– Music services
– Internet radio and video
Duplex
– Family Radio service
• Telephones
– The Internet
• Two-way radio
– Wide-area networks
• Radar (WANs)
• Sonar – Metropolitan-area
• Amateur radio networks (MANs)
– Local area networks
• Citizens radio (LANs)