Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
By Danny Ton
Course: CSE 498
Professor: Gaetano Borriello
Overview
Low power
– Typically transmit less than 1mW of power
Good operating range
– Operate over distances of 3 to 30 meters
Supports data rate up to 1-2 Mbps
Penetrates walls
Does not require a direct transmission path (as
opposed to IR)
RS232 module
RF transmitter
Data radio
board and Receiver
Radio
module
– Maxim MAX218 Dual RS232
transceiver on the protocol board
– Convert to and from 4.5V CMOS and
RS232 levels
RF Signals
– Interface to host
AGC adjustment
– Data radio boards are adjusted at RFM for an AGC voltage
between 1.75 and 1.80 V on the node between the
potentiometer, R10, and resistor R11 with no RF signal applied
– This setting doesn’t affect the sensitivity level of the receiver
AGC adjustment purpose
– The desired signal must be larger than the undesired signal for
the intelligible information to be obtained from the receiver
– AGC circuit is not to level the desired signal level but, rather,
to prevent the saturation and eventual capture of the receiver’s
demodulator by interfering in-band CW or FM signals (signals
more than 20dB above the receiver sensitivity level)
– Turning the potentiometer counter-clockwise causes AGC
voltage to increase and, thus, engages the gain control at a
lower signal level and vice versa
CSE 477 Winter 1999 Introduction 13/44
Data Radio Board - I/O Interface
Connector P1
– 8-pin connector interface to the protocol board
Pin 1
– Transmitter data input with input impedance of ~18 KΩ
– Can be driven directly by a CMOS gate
– A high level voltage turns the transmitter oscillator on and a
low level turns it off
Pin 2 and Pin 5
– VCC for the transmitter and GND
Pin 3
– PTT line that enable the transmit mode
Pin 4
– RF ouput
The RF output power of the HX is nominally 0dBm
with a 50Ω load
– The transmitter power is applied to the antenna port through
the transmit/receive switch Q1
When the PTT line is pulled high, Q1 is turned on
to connect the transmitter to the antenna, Q3 is
turned on to short the receiver input to GND and
Q2 is turned off to disconnect the receiver input
from the antenna during transmission
Pin 3
– Comparator input
– Output from Pin 2 is connected to this pin by the coupling
capacitor C6
Coupling capacitor C6
– Prevent the change in DC offset of the base-band amplifier
from false triggering the comparator
– Prevent the DC output from the detector, produced by an in-
band CW or FM interfering signal, from triggering the
comparator while allowing changes in DC level, due to the
desired signal, to pass through to the comparator input
– The value of the coupling capacitor is determined by the
longest pulse width to be encountered in the data stream
Pins 8 and 9
– RF grounds
Pin 10
– RF input port of the RX device
– This port is driven from a 50 Ω source
Issue
– The out-of-band interfering signal rejection of the amplifier-
sequenced receiver architecture is excellent and allows the
receiver to perform in the presence of large interfering signals
without range degradation
– However, this does not take care of in-band interference. The
majority of in-band interference encountered is CW and
primarily comes from unintentional radiators such as clock
harmonics from computers or local oscillators from
superheterodyne receivers
An AGC circuit primarily intended for CW or FM
in-band interfering signals. These signals are of
particular concern in an office environment
Connector J1
– The I/O interface between the protocol and data radio boards
– 8 pins
Pin 1
– Carry the transmit data stream from U2-Pin 7 to the RTX input
on the data radio board
Pin 2
– Provide power to the transmitter hybrid on the radio board
Pin 3
– Provide the transmit enable signal (PTT) from PNP transitor Q2
– The data radio board requires 2 mA at 2.5 V on the PTT input
to enable the transmit mode
Pin 4
– Provide power to the receiver AGC circuitry
Pin 5 - GND
Pin 6
– The reference voltage input (VREF) from the hybrid receiver to
the protocol board, used in the low battery detection process
Pin 7
– Provide power to the receiver hybrid
Pin 8
– Receiver output signal (RRX) from the data radio board
– FET Q1 provides the required high input impedance buffer
between this signal and the input to U2
Connector J2
– 9-pin female connector configured to appear as a DCE (modem)
– The protocol board implements software flow control, so only
Pins 2 and 3 carry active signal
Pin 2 (RD or PTX)
– Send data to the host computer
Pin 3 (TD or PRX)
– Receive data from the host computer
Pins 4 and 6 (DTR & DSR) are connected; Pins 1, 7,
and 8 are also connected
Pin 5 - GND
To/From
3 bytes of data
23 01 03 02 1C 03
Message Data
RS232-side packet
To/From
Automatic packet retransmission until
acknowledgment is received; 8 retries
Packet number with semi-random back-off delays (0,
0xEn 120, 240, or 360 ms)
ACK and NAK alarm messages to host
(n=1to 8)
ACK Operation on both the RS232 side and
the radio side is half-duplex
To/From – The protocol software services one input line
at a time (radio or RS232 receive line)
Packet number – Since the protocol does not support
hardware flow control, host software will
0xDD have to do some timekeeping to interface to
the protocol software (avoid sending data if
NAK RFM is busy)
ACK on # 1
The queued packet is xmitted
ACK on # 1
(RTX line with PTT high), and the
#2
software then looks for a “packet
#2
received” ACK (on the RRX line)
ACK on # 2 Radio ACK: | 0x55 | RS232 ACK | FCS |
#1
the PTX line, discard the queued
packet, and resume testing the
RS232-side
Packets
Radio
Packets
input lines
Link-failure operation
FOURTH: FOURTH:
SerReceive(rcvQueue, 3); Receive the echo-back packet (3
switch(rcvQueue[2]) { bytes in size)
case 0xE1:
If the last byte is 0xEn where n =
case 0xE2:
1 - 8 (the number of retries),
case 0xE3:
then the packet is the ACK, and
case 0xE4: data is successfully sent and
case 0xE5: received; Else, if the last byte is
case 0xE6: 0xDD, it is the NAK, signaling a
case 0xE7: link failure
case 0xE8: if(++pktNum >= 8) pktNum = 1;
return true;
case 0xDD: return false;
}
}
}
return false;
}