VALVES

CONTREN Series # 40109-07

 1.0.0 Introduction
• Valves are devices that control the flow of
fluids or gases through a piping system.

• Valves are made of a wide variety of materials

for compatibility to the fluid flowing through
it.
 2.0.0 Valves That Start and Stop Flow
• These valves are designed to be operated completely
open or completely closed.

• These valves cannot be used effectively to throttle, or

regulate, flow.

• Gate Valve
• Knife Valve
• Ball Valve
• Plug Valve
• Three-Way Valve
 2.1.0 Gate Valve
• Turning the hand-wheel lifts or lowers the disc
(gate).

• A partially opened gate causes turbulence.

• This turbulence not only causes piping

damage (water hammer), it also wears the
disc and seat surfaces.
 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Solid Wedge

Most common used:

a single, solid disc
that is rugged and
simple.
2.1.0 Gate Valve – Flexible Wedge

A one-piece disc with

a cut or groove
around the edge to
compensate for
irregular sealing
edges.
 2.1.0 Gate Valve – Split Wedge

Self-
adjusting
and self-
aligning
discs.
2.1.0 Gate Valve – Double (Parallel) Disc

Prevents valve
binding due to
thermal
transients.
 2.1.1 Valve Stem
• Connects the hand-wheel to the gate.

• Rising stem
– Hand-wheel and stem rising when opening

• Non-rising stem
– Hand-wheel and stem do not rise while opening

• Outside screw-&-yoke (OS&Y)

– Stem rises through the hand-wheel while opening
– Stem does not contact the fluid;
• therefore, the OS&Y is suitable for corrosive fluids
 2.1.1 Valve Stem

Rising Stem OS&Y Stem

Non-Rising Stem
 2.2.0 Knife Gate Valve
• Gate is thin with tapered edge on the bottom
• Suited for slurry, pulp, waste, and low-
pressure applications
 2.3.0 Ball Valve
• Gate is a ball with a hole for flow through it
matching the pipe size
 2.4.0 Plug Valve
• Similar to the ball valve,
• It is a ¼-turn start-stop valve.
• Sealant is plug shaped.
 2.5.0 Three-Way Valve
• A multi-port plug valve installed at the
intersection of 3 lines.
 3.0.0 Valves That Regulate Flow
• These valves can not only start and stop flow,
they can regulate flow.
• The disc can be totally removed from the flow.

• The most common types are:

– Globe Valve
– Butterfly Valve
– Diaphragm Valve
 3.1.0 Globe Valve
• Valve movement is perpendicular to the
seat.

• Basic types:
– Angle
– Y-type
– Needle
 3.1.0 Angle Valve
• A globe valve that changes the
direction of flow.
• Usually, the ports are at 90-degrees to
each other.
• These are commonly used to replace
valve and elbow combinations.
 3.1.0 Y-Type Valve
• Has the straight-through flow of a gate valve.
• Has the throttling and flow control of a globe.
 3.1.0 Needle Valve
• Commonly used for precise flow control of
instrumentation applications.
• Not commonly available over 1” in size.
 3.2.0 Butterfly Valve
• Has a round disc that turns 90 degrees to
mate with the seat.
• Used in low-to-medium pressures and flows.
 3.2.1 Wafer Valve
• Butterfly valve that sandwiches between two
flanges.
 3.2.2 Wafer Lug Valve
• Butterfly valve that sandwiches between two
flanges and has lugs to match the bolt holes of
the flange.
 3.2.3 Two-Flange Valve
• The body has a flange cast on both sides.
 3.3.0 Diaphragm Valve
• Sealing disc is flexible and seals against the body.
• Suitable for slurries, highly corrosive materials,
and materials that cannot be contaminated.
 3.4.0 Needle Valve
• Has a tapered needle instead of a disc to allow
for fine adjustment to the flow.
 4.0.0 Valves That Relieve Pressure
• Used to control pressure, not flow.

• Two basic types are:

– Safety Valve
– Pressure Relief Valve
 4.1.0 Safety Valve
• Used in pipelines and tanks to prevent
ruptures due to excess pressure.
Pneumatic

Hydraulic (Sectional View)

Water
 4.2.0 Pressure Relief Valve
• In-line valve to control a specified pressure in the
liquid circuit.
• These usually have the pressure set at the factory.
5.0.0 Valves That Regulate Direction of Flow

• These valves prevent backflow and are

referred to as “check valves”.
• Common types are:
– Swing
– Lift
– Ball
– Butterfly
– Foot
 5.1.0 Swing Check Valve
• Uses a hinged disc as the sealing member.
 5.2.0 Lift Check Valve
• A one-way-flow check valve that functions like
a globe valve.
 5.3.0 Ball Check Valve
• Much like a lift check except that it uses a ball
instead of a disc for sealing.
 5.4.0 Butterfly Check Valve
• Two disc hinged in the middle.
 5.5.0 Foot Valve
• Used at the bottom of a suction line to
maintain the prime of the pump.
 6.0.0 Valve Actuators
• Two primary purposes of valve actuators:
– Provide automatic operation of the valve,
– Reduce the effort required to manually operate the
valve.

• Four basic types of actuators:

– Gear
– Chain
– Pneumatic or Hydraulic
– Motor Driven, Electric or Pneumatic.
 6.1.0 Gear Actuators
• Reduces the effort required to manually operate the
valve.

• Three basic types:

• Spur Gear,
• Bevel Gear,
• Worm Gear.
 6.1.1 Spur Gear Actuator
• Valve stem and driver shaft are parallel.
 6.1.2 Bevel Gear Actuator
• Valve stem and driver shaft are 90 degrees to
each other and the gears are cone-shaped.
 6.1.3 Worm Gear Actuator
• Valve stem and driver shaft are 90 degrees to
each other. The driver gear (worm) looks like a
screw.
• Used primarily with butterfly valves.
 6.2.0 Chain Actuators
• Reduces the effort required to manually operate the
valve.

• Applicable where the valve is not easily accessible;

such as, too high to reach.
 6.3.0 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators
• Uses fluid or air pressure to actuate the valve.

• Most of these are spring-loaded to ensure that

the valve fails in a fail-safe position.
 6.4.0 Electric- or Air-Motor Driven Actuators
• Uses motors to actuate the valve.
• Motor can be either electrical or pneumatic.
 6.5.0 Control Valves
• Variations of the angle, globe, or ball valves that
are controlled by pneumatic, electronic, or
hydraulic actuators.
• Most commonly used for pressure or
temperature control.
 7.0.0 Storing and Handling Valves
• Regardless of the size of the valve, the internal
seats, valves, and springs are precision
machined and must be handled carefully to
avoid damage.
 7.1.0 Safety Considerations
• When handling and/or working around valves:
– Be aware of all pinch points,
– Do not stand under a load,
– Be aware of surroundings,
– Never operate a valve in a live system without
authorization,
– Use a spud wrench, not your finger, to align flange
bolt holes.
– Never stand in front of a safety relief valve
discharge.
 7.2.0 Storing Valves
• Label all valves.
• Never store valves on the ground.
• Cover all open ends with ‘end protectors’.
 7.3.0 Rigging Valves
• Protect all threads and ends.
• Use the proper rigging equipment.
• Connect rigging to body only, not the stem,
handle, or through openings.
• Use a tag line, especially for larger valves.
 8.0.0 Installing Valves
• Best working height for manual actuator is
between 2’0” and 4’6” from floor.
• Follow schematics exactly.
– Direction of flow.
– Stem position.
• (vertical up works best, horizontal is acceptable, never
position stem vertical down.)
 9.0.0 Valve Selection, Types, and Applications

• Valves can be used in many different

applications.

• Valve selection is important; therefore, follow

design requirements exactly at installation.
 9.1.0 Valve Selection
• Important factors:
• Temperature.
• Pressure.
• Pipe size.
• Fluid chemistry.
• Valve function.
 10.0.0 Valve Markings and Nameplate Information
• Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS):
– Developed standards for valve markings.

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI):

• American Society for Testing Materials International (ASTM):
– Both have adopted the MSS marking system.
 10.0.0 Valve Markings and Nameplate Information
• Bridgewall markings (globe valves):
– Indicates how the valve seat is angled in relation to the
inlet and outlet ports.
• Flow direction arrow:
– Proper direction of fluid flow.
 10.1.0 Rating Designation
• Pressure and temperature rating.
• Fluid types and other pertinent data.
 10.2.0 Trim Identification
• Identifies the material of the seat, disc, stem,
and other internal parts if they are different
from the body of the valve.
 10.3.0 Size Designation
• Indicates the numerical identification
associated with the pipe size of the
connecting ends.
 10.4.0 Thread Markings
• Identifies the size and type of threads for
valves that have threaded connections.
 10.5.0 Valve Schematic Symbols
• Valves are shown on schematics by symbols.