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Stereochemistry
• Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry,
involves the study of the relative spatial
arrangement of atoms that form the structure of
molecules and their manipulation. An important
branch of stereochemistry is the study of chiral
molecules.
• Stereochemistry is also known as 3D chemistry
because the prefix "stereo-" means "three-
dimensionality".
• The study of stereochemistry focuses on
stereoisomers and spans the entire spectrum of
organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially
supramolecular chemistry.
Isomerism
The concept of isomerism is an important feature of
the study of organic compounds. It relates to the
existence of different compounds which have the
same molecular formula but different properties.
Such compounds are called isomers. The difference in
properties of isomers is due to the difference in the
relative arrangements of atoms in their molecules.
Functional isomers are structural isomers that have the same molecular
formula (that is, the same number of atoms of the same elements), but
the atoms are connected in different ways so that the groupings are
dissimilar. These groups of atoms are called functional groups,
functionalities. Another way to say this is that two compounds with the
same molecular formula, but different functional groups, are functional
isomers.
Metamerism: This type of is due to the difference in the distribution of
carbon atoms on either side of functional group in compounds having the
same molecular formula.
• Optical isomerism
• Geometrical isomerism
Optical isomerism: In this the isomeric compounds resemble
one another in their chemical reactions and most of the
physical properties but differ in their effect on polarized light.
Molecular chirality
• A molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is
of identical composition, but which is arranged in a non-superposable
mirror image. The presence of an asymmetric carbon atom is often
the feature that causes chirality in molecules.
Types of optical isomerism
1. Enantiomerism
2. Diastereomerism
Characteristics of enantiomers
Characteristics of Diastereomers:
1. They show similar but not identical chemical properties.
By action of heat
By action of chemical reagents
Autoracemisation
Comparison of internal and external compensation