HARMONISA

Outline
• Introduction
• THD and TDD
• Displacement and True Power Factor
• K-Factor and Transformer Derating
• When should you be concerned?
• Application of IEEE 519 Standard
• Harmonics Measurements
• Industrial Customers
• Commercial Customers
• Revisions to IEEE 519
• IEC Standards
• Conclusions
Harmonics 2
 What Are Harmonics ?
 Harmonics are due to distortion of the voltage or
current waveform
 The distortion comes from nonlinear devices,
principally loads

I(t)

Nonlinear Resistor

V(t)
V

Harmonics 3
Linear Load

Harmonics 4
Nonlinear Load

Harmonics 5
Harmonic Components

60 Hz
(h = 1)

+ 180 Hz
(h = 3)
+
300 Hz
(h = 5)
+
420 Hz
(h = 7)
+ 540 Hz
(h = 9)
+
660 Hz
(h = 11)
+ 780 Hz
(h = 13)
+
·
·
·

Harmonics 6
Harmonics

Harmonics 7
 Fourier Series Representation
• Fourier series

x(t )  co  2 C
n 1
n sin  nt   n 
• Average value
x  co
• RMS Value


X  co2  
n 1
C n2

Harmonics 8
 Periodical nonsinusoidal waveforms

• Most of power voltage and current waveforms

have no dc component
• Most of normal voltage and current
waveforms have no even-order harmonics

Harmonics 9
 RMS Values
• Under sinusoidal condition:

Vrms  Vmax / 2
• Under nonsinusoidal conditions:


1 T 2
Vrms  
T 0
v (t )dt   n
V 2

n 1

Harmonics 10
 Examples
1) x(t )  100 cos100t 
X rms  100 / 2
2) x(t )  100  100 2 cos100t 
X rms  1002  1002  100 2
3) x(t )  220 2 cos100t   50 2 cos 300t 
2 2
X rms  220  50  ....

Harmonics 11
 Total Harmonic Distortion
 Defines the total harmonic content of current or voltage

 Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content to the RMS

of the fundamental, as % of fundamental


 h
V
h2
2

THD (%)  100%

V1

2
Vrms  V12
THD (%)   100%
V1
Harmonics 12
 Total Demand Distortion Factor (TDD)

Applies for current distortion only.

The total rms harmonic current
distortion, in % of the maximum
demand load current (15 or 30 min
demand)
2
I rms  I12
TDD(%)   100%
I max

Harmonics 13
 Harmonic Sources
Harmonic sources are nonlinear loads
- Saturated transformers and inductors
- Switching regulators
- Switching power supplies
- Variable Speed Drives
- Electronic ballast

Harmonics 14
Harmonic Sources

Harmonics 15
 Rectifiers
Uncontrolled
AC source DC - DC Converter DC Load
rectifier

(a) Switched - mode dc power supplies

Uncontrolled
AC source PWM Inverter
rectifier

(b) Variable - speed AC drives. Induction Motor

Controlled
AC source PWM Inverter AC Load
rectifier

(c) Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

Controlled DC Load
AC source
rectifier

(d) DC power supplies.

Phase - Controlled Phase - controlled

AC system AC system
rectifier inverter

Harmonics 16
(e) DC power transmission systems.
Single-Phase Rectifiers

Harmonics 17
 Input Current Harmonics of
Single-Phase Rectifiers
• The input current has no dc component nor
even-order harmonics
• The input current harmonic is dominated by
the 3-rd order harmonic.
• The displacement power-factor is unity but
the true-power factor is not unity.

Harmonics 18
Harmonic Profile of Personal
Computer

Harmonics 19
Electronic Ballast

Harmonics 20
 Electronic ballast

Line Current for Electronic Ballast

1.00
Max: 0.784
0.75 Min: -0.792
Current (Amps)

0.50
Avg: 0.305828
Abs: 0.792
0.25 RMS: 0.334094
CF : 2.37059
0.00 FF : 1.09242
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (mS)
Line to Neutral Voltage for Electronic Ballast
200
Max: 170
150 Min: -170
100
Avg: 109.055
Voltage (V)

Abs: 170
50 RMS: 120.727
CF : 1.40814
0 FF : 1.10703
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (mS)

Harmonics 21
Magnetic Ballast

Harmonics 22
Harmonic Currents in Typical Building

Harmonics 23
DC Drive

Harmonics 24
Three-Phase Rectifier

Harmonics 25
PWM drive, no choke

Harmonics 26
PWM drive with choke

Harmonics 27
 Six Pulse Bridge
Six pulse bridge - harmonic current

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Harmonic number

Harmonics 28
 Input Current Harmonics
• The input current has no dc component nor
even order harmonics nor multiple three
order harmonics.
• The existing harmonic order is n  6h  1
• The displacement power-factor is unity but
the true power-factor is not unity.

Harmonics 29
 What is Power Factor?
• Power factor is a measure of how effectively equipment
converts or transmits electrical active power at a given rms
current and voltage.
• Traditionally, the power factor has been defined as the cosine
of phase angle difference between voltage and current
(displacement power factor).
• Apparent power is the maximum active power that can be
delivered at a given rms current and voltage.
• Power factor is the ratio between the active power to the
apparent power (true power factor).
• When the harmonics are present, the PF is different to DPF.

Harmonics 30
Power Factor 

V I
Ip
Iq

0  2
Power Factor
POWER

Ip

0  2
Power Factor
POWER

Iq

0  2
Power Factor 

V IL
I1

I7
I5

0  2
 Single-Phase Power Concept
• Sinusoidal voltage and current

v  2V cos t  i  2 I cost   
• Instantaneous power

p  vi  VI cos  1  cos
       
 2 t    VI sin  sin
    
 2t 
resistive part reactive part

Harmonics 35
 Single-Phase Power Concept
• Active or Average Power
1 t o T
P
T  to
pdt VI cos 

• Reactive Power
Q  VI sin 
• Apparent Power
S  VI
Harmonics 36
 Single-Phase Power Concept
• Power triangle
2 2 2
S  P Q
• Power factor
P
PF   cos 
S

Harmonics 37
Single-Phase Power Concept

E 2  V  V  2  V 2
V 2  V  V  2
Thus
ΔV  E-V  RI cos φ  XI sin φ
RP  XQ XQ
 
V V
Losses  RI 2  R S / V  2

 R  P /V  2  Q /V  2 
Harmonics 38
Single-Phase Power Concept

E 2  V  V  2  V 2
V 2  V  V  2
Thus
ΔV  E-V  RI cos φ  XI sin φ
RP  XQ XQ
 
V V
Losses  RI 2  R S / V  2

 R  P /V  2  Q /V  2 
Harmonics 39
 Balanced Three-Phase Power
• Instantaneous power

p  va ia  vb ib  vc ic
p  3VI cos 
• Instantaneous power is a constant that is
equal to average power

Harmonics 40
 Balanced Three-Phase Power
• Reactive power is defined as

Q  3VI sin 
• Apparent power is defined as

S  3VI

Harmonics 41
Three-Phase Power System

Harmonics 42
Three-Phase Power System

Harmonics 43
 Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems
Series Losses Considerat ion : Three - Phase Three - Wire System

P  rs I a2  I b2  I c2  I n2  (unbalanced )
Ie  I
2

 I b2  I c2 / 3
a
P  3rs I e2 (balanced)

Thus, I e 
I a2  I b2  I c2  I n2 Ve  V 2
an
2
 Vbn 2
 Vcn /3 
3
Shunt Losses Considerat ion :  V 2
ab
2
 Vbc 2
 Vca 
/9
2 2 2 2
Vao  Vbo  Vco  Vno
P  (unbalance d)
Rsh
Ve2
P  3 (balanced)
Rsh
2 2 2 2
Vao  Vbo  Vco  Vno
Thus, Ve 
3
or Ve  V 2
an
2
 Vbn 2
 Vcn 2
 Vab 2
 Vbc 2
 Vca 
/ 12
Apparent Power S e  3Ve I e
Power Factor  P / S e
Harmonics 44
 Power concept under nonsinusoidal waveforms

• Voltage 
v  Vo  2 V
n 1
n cos nt   n 

• Current 
i  Io  2 I
n 1
n cos nt   n 

• Instantaneous power

p  vi
Harmonics 45
 Power concept under nonsinusoidal waveforms

• Average power

P  Vo I o  V I
n 1
n n cos n   n 

• Apparent power
S  Vrms I rms
• Power factor


P
Vo I o  V I
n 1
n n cos n   n 
PF  
S Vrms I rms

Harmonics 46
 Reactive Power
• What is reactive power under nonsinusoidal
conditions?
• Some definitions:

Q   Vh I h sin  h
h 1

Q Vrms I rms  2
P 2

Harmonics 47
 Sinusoidal voltage case
Average power : P  V1 I1 cos1  1 
Power factor :
P I1 I1
PF   cos1  1   1 / 2
cos 1
S I rms  2  2
 I1 


In 

1  1  1
n2
where :
Relationship between power factor and THD:

cos 1
PF 
1  THD 2
Harmonics 48
 Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities
Let assume:

 

     
va  
n 1
Vn cos n t   vb 
n 1
Vn cos n t  2
3
vc 
n 1
Vn cos n t  23

For n=1:
va1  V1 cost  
vb1  V1 cos t  23  vc1  V1 cos t  23  
For n=2:
va 2  V2 cos 2t  
vb 2  V2 cos 2t  23  vc 2  V2 cos 2t  23  
For n=3:
va 3  V3 cos 3t  vb3  V3 cos 3t  vc 3  V3 cos 3t 

Harmonics 49
 Balanced nonsinusoidal quantities
For n=3k-2, The harmonics are similar to
positive sequence quantities.
For n=3k-1, the harmonics are similar to
negative sequence quantities.
For n=3k, the harmonics are similar to zero
quantities.

Harmonics 50
Three-Phase Four-Wire System

Harmonics 51
Switched mode power supply currents

Phase A (50 Amps)

Neutral (82 Amps)

Phase B (50 Amps)

Phase C (57 Amps)

Harmonics 52
Neutral Current Problem
Neutral Current Problem
Neutral Current Problem
 Three-Phase Four-Wire System

Phase currents : iR   I h sin  ht   h 
h 1

iS   I h sin  h t  23    h 
h 1

iT   I h sin  h t  23    h 
h 1


Neutral current: iN  iR  iS  iT  3  I n sin  3ht   h 
n 3 h

Though the phase currents are balanced, the

neutral current is not zero if the waveform is
nonsinusoidal. The maximum value of neutral
current is 1.73 time of phase current.
Harmonics 56
 Neutral current problems
• Neutral current can be excessive
• The zero sequence current cannot be detected by
overcurrent protection that is located on the
primary side.
• The transformer losses can be excessive.
• The neutral voltage to ground can be excessive.
• The size of neutral cable cannot smaller than the
phase cables.
• Each phase circuit must be provided by separate
neutral cable.

Harmonics 57
Neutral conductor sizing

Neutral currents can easily approach twice the phase

currents - sometimes in a half-sized conductor.

IEEE 1100-1992 recommends that neutral busbars

feeding non-linear loads should have a cross-
sectional area not less than 173% that of the phase
bars.

Neutral cables should have a cross-sectional area that

is 200% that of the phases, e.g. by using twin single
core cables.
Sizing the neutral conductor

For three phase circuits using single core cables:

• Use a neutral conductor sized for the actual

neutral current

• If the neutral current is not known, use a double

sized neutral cable

• Provide overcurrent protection

• But take account of the grouping factors!

• Take into account voltage drop

Sizing the neutral conductor

For multi-core cables :

• Multi-core cables are rated for only three loaded

cores - applies to both 4 and 5 core cables

• When harmonics are present the neutral is also a

current carrying conductor

• Cable rated for three units of current is carrying

more - three phases plus the neutral current

• It must be de-rated to avoid overheating

• Neutral must have overcurrent protection

• Grouping factor must be taken into account

Sizing the neutral conductor - IEC
Neutral conductor protection

Neutral conductors should be appropriately

sized and provided with over-current protection.

The protective device must break all the phases,

but does not necessarily need to break the
neutral itself.

This implies a future need for 4 pole breakers

with double rated neutral poles.
Current vs. Voltage Harmonics

Distorted Voltage
(Voltage Drop)
+ -

Pure
Sinusoid Distorted Load
Current

Harmonic currents flowing through the

system impedance results in harmonic
voltages at the load

Harmonics 63
Voltage distortion
 Why bother about Harmonics?
 Important aspect of power quality
 Damaging Effects to Consumer Loads and
Power System
 Problems may be incipient
 Non-Linear Loads are Increasing
 Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Harmonics 65
 Capacitors
• Shunt capacitor has a significant effect on harmonic levels.
• Capacitors do not generate harmonics, but provide
network loops for possible resonant conditions.
• Resonant frequency:

f res  50 MVAsc / MVAR

Harmonics 66
Series Resonance

Harmonics 67
Parallel Resonance

Harmonics 68
Harmonic Resonance

TO POWER SYSTEM

LV

CONVERTOR

M HARMONICS
AMPLIFIED
HARMONICS
 Guidelines
• If the KVA of the harmonic producing load is less than 10% of the
transformer kVA rating, capacitors can be applied without concern for
resonance
• If the kVA of the harmonic producing load is less than 30% of the
transformer kVA rating and the kVAR is less than 20% of the transformer
kVA rating, capacitors can be applied without concern for resonance
• If the kVA of the harmonic producing load is more than 30% of the
transformer kVA rating, capacitors should be applied as filters.
• These guidelines are applicable when transformers with a 5-7%
impedance are used and the system impedance behind the transformer is
less than 1% of the transformer base.

Harmonics 70
 Capacitor standard
• 110% of rated rms voltage
• 120% of rated peak voltage
• 180% of rated rms current
• 135% of rated reactive power
Including the harmonics

Harmonics 71
 Actions must be taken
If the limits are exceeded:
• Relocation of the capacitors to other parts of the
circuit. The harmonic generating loads and the
capacitor bank should not share the same
transformer.
• For wye connected utility transformer banks, the
neutral connection to ground may be removed to
prevent third harmonics from flowing through the
capacitors.
• If the above remedies fail, it may be necessary to add
a tuning reactor.

Harmonics 72
Example (1)

Harmonics 73
Measurement data of example (1)

Harmonics 74
Impedance Seen by The Harmonics

Harmonics 75
 Circuit Breakers and Fuses
• Currents with 50% distortion factor limited the
breaker blowout coil’s ability to force the arc into the
arc chute. Vaccum interrupters are less sensitive to
harmonic current.
• Harmonic distortion affects the current sensing
ability of thermal magnetic breakers.
• Fuses are not affected by the harmonic content. It
should be noted, fuses respond to rms current.

Harmonics 76
 Lighting
• The incandescent lamp will have a definite loss
of life when operated with distorted voltage.

Harmonics 77
 Meters
• Modern rms meters are relatively immune to
the influence of waveform distortion.
• Induction disk watthour meter is affected by
waveform distortion. The errors vary from 5 to
20%, depending on the harmonic content. This
type of meter must be avoided when the
harmonic content is high.

Harmonics 78
Digital Meters

Harmonics 79
 Digital kWh Meters
• For best results, a digital kWh meters must be
accurate at least up to 1000 Hz.
• The ADC must be at least 12 bit.
• By using this specification, it has been shown
that the error is less than 1% for current
harmonic up to 88 % and voltage harmonic up
to 5%.

Harmonics 80
 Protective Relaying
• In most cases, the waveform distortion of the
load current has little effect of the fault
current.
• Every relay performs differently in the
presence of waveform distortion.

Harmonics 81
 Rotating Machines
• Nonsinusoidal voltages applied to electric
machines may cause overheating, pulsating
torques, or noise.
• Rotoroverheating is the main problem.
• For generators, zero sequence current is very
dangerous to the rotor.

Harmonics 82
Motor de-rating curve for harmonic voltages
1

0.95

0.9
De-rating Factor

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF)
 Transformers
• The primary effect of power system harmonics on
transformers is the additional heat generated by the
losses caused by the harmonic content of the load
current.
• The additional heating caused by harmonics requires
load capability derating to remain within the
temperature rating of the transformer.
• The loading of a delta connected transformer may be
misleading because of circulating triplen harmonic
currents.

Harmonics 84
 Transformer Losses
• No-load losses or iron losses. These losses can be
divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. These
losses almost constant if the voltage is almost
sinusoidal.
• Load losses. These losses can be divided into I2R loss,
eddy current in conductor, and stray losses due to
magnetic leakages into the tank, iron core, etc.
• The eddy current loss in the conductor is almost
proportional to the harmonic frequency.
• The stray load losses are usually proportional to fx ,
where x = 0.8 – 2.
Harmonics 85
K-Rating of Transformers

Two rating or de-rating systems for transformers:-

• American system, established by UL and

manufacturers, specifies harmonic capability of
transformer - known as K factor.

• European system, developed by IEC, defines

de-rating factor for standard transformers -
known as factor K.
 K-Factor
 K-Factor is ratio of eddy current losses
due to distorted current compared to the
losses for the same rms fundamental
frequency current
 Example:
 Eddy Current Losses with 100 A rms with harmonics =
270 Watts
 Eddy Current Losses with 100 A rms 60 Hz sine wave =
27 Watts
 K - Factor = 270/27 = 10

Harmonics 87
 K-Factor

h=
K =  I (pu)
h
2
h 2

h1

Harmonics 88
 K-Factor
 Assumes eddy current losses are
proportional to f 2 - OK for small conductor
sizes and low harmonics
 At higher frequencies, eddy current loses
are proportional to f
 Transition frequency depends on winding
configuration, material
 Al - 2200 Hz, Cu - 700 Hz
 K-factor over estimates harmonics effect
at higher frequencies

Harmonics 89
 THD and K-Factor Calculation

EXAMPLE

Fundamental = 10 A rms = 0.96 pu

5th Harm0nic = 2.0 A rms = 0.19 pu
7th Harm0nic = 1.5 A rms = 0.14 pu
11th Harm0nic = 1.0 A rms = 0.096 pu
13th Harm0nic = 1.0 A rms = 0.096 pu

Irms = Sqrt (102 + 22 + 1.52 +1.02 + 1.02) = 10.4 A

THD = Sqrt (22 + 1.52 + 1.02 +1.02)/10 = 2.87/10 = 28.7 %

K = (0.962 + 0.192 * 52 + 0.142 * 72 + 0.0962 *112 + 0.0962*132)

= 5.55

Harmonics 90
 K-Factor

For this typical PC load, the K factor is 11.6

(See IEE 1100-1992 for a worked example)
Harmonics 91
K-Rating of Transformers - US System

Next, select a transformer with a higher K rating:

standard ratings are 4, 9, 13, 20, 30, 40 and 50.

NB - for non K-rated transformers:

The K factor describes the increase in eddy

current losses, not total losses.
 Transformer Derating
 Non K-rated transformers have to be
derated when load current has harmonics

 IEEE C57.110 “Recommended Practice for

Establishing Transformer Capability When
Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents”

Harmonics 93
 K-rating
 K-rated transformers can handle non-
sinusoidal load current up to the full load
rating with k-factor up to the k-rating of
the transformer
 K-rated transformers are designed to
have lower eddy current losses

Harmonics 94
K-Rating of Transformers - European System
In Europe, the transformer de-rating factor is calculated
according to the formulae in BS 7821 Part 4. The factor
K is given by:
0.5
 e  I1 
2 n N  I   2
 n q  n  

K  1

 
1 e  I 
   I1  
 n2
 

e is ratio of eddy current loss (50 Hz) to resistive loss

n is the harmonic order
q is dependent on winding type and frequency,
typically 1.5 to 1.7
K-Rating of Transformers - European System

For the same PC load, the de-rating factor is 78%

K-Rating or De-rating?

‘K-rated’ transformers are designed to supply harmonic

loads by :
• using stranded conductors to reduce eddy current
losses
• bringing secondary winding star point connections
out separately to provide a 300% neutral rating
 K-Rating or De-rating?

‘De-rating’ a standard transformer has some

disadvantages:-
 primary over-current protection may be too high
to protect the secondary and too low to survive
the in-rush current
 the neutral star point is likely to be rated at only
100% of the phase current
 it is less efficient
 future increases in loading must take the de-rating
fully into account
Effect of triple-n harmonics in transformers
Triple-n harmonic currents circulate in delta windings -
they do not propagate back onto the supply network.

- but the transformer must be specified and rated to

cope with the additional losses.
Skin effect

Alternating current tends to flow on the outer surface

of a conductor - skin effect - and is more pronounced
at high frequencies.

 At the seventh harmonic and above, skin effect

will become significant, causing additional loss
and heating.

 Where harmonic currents are present, cables

should be de-rated accordingly. Multiple cable
cores or laminated busbars can be used.
Conductors and Cables


Ploss   I h2 Rh
h 1

Harmonics 101
 Conductors and Cables

Ploss   2
I h Rh
h 1
If the skin effect is neglected
2 2 2
Ploss  RI rms  RI1 1  THD

Harmonics 102
When Should You be Concerned About
Harmonics

 20 % of total load is power electronic

load
 If service transformer is loaded near
rating
 When PF correction capacitors are
planned
Neutral to ground voltage in 120 V
supply exceeds 1 to 2 volts

Harmonics 103
 Harmonic Standards
 Several Countries have developed
Standards to limit harmonics
 IEEE 519-1992
 IEEE 519A-2004?
 IEC 61000-3-2, 61000-3-4, 61000-3-12

Harmonics 104
 IEEE 519
IEEE 519 “Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems”
Specifies load current harmonic limits
at PCC
Specifies supply voltage harmonic
limits at PCC
IEEE 519A “Guide for Applying
Harmonic Limits on Power Systems”

Harmonics 105
 IEEE 519 Standard Limits

HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS IN % OF IL

V  69 kV

ISC / IL h < 11 11  h  17 17  h  23 23  h  35 35  h TDD

20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20-50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50-100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100-1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

Harmonics 106
 Application Concerns
• Selecting PCC
• Calculating ISC and IL
• What is TDD ?
• Measurement Problems
• Time Varying Harmonics
• General Procedure for Applying Harmonic
Limits
• Cost of Problems vs. Cost of Solutions
• Distributed Generation Limits

Harmonics 107
 What is PCC ?

 “Point in the public network which is

closest to the consumer concerned
and to which other customers are or
may be connected” IEC 61000-3-
4:1998

Harmonics 108
PCC

Harmonics 109
PCC

Harmonics 110
IEEE 519 Standard Limits
(Utility)

HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION LIMITS

(in % of Nominal Fundamental Frequency Voltage)

Bus Voltage at PCC Individual Harmonic Voltage Total Voltage Harmonic

Distortion Distortion (THDV)
V  69 kV 3.0 5.0

69 kV  V  161 kV 1.5 2.5

V  161 kV 1.0 1.5

Harmonics 111
 IEEE 519 Standard
 Limits apply for the “worst case” for normal
operation (lasting longer than one hour)
 For shorter periods, during start-ups limits
may be exceeded by 50%
 Even harmonics are limited to 25% of odd
harmonic limits
 Co-gen - use Isc / IL < 20, irrespective of actual
value

Harmonics 112
 Harmonic Current Measurements
• Calculate harmonics as % of a fixed (average
max. demand) current, not as % of
fundamental
• Limits in the Table Apply only to Odd
harmonics – Even Harmonics are limited to
25% of those limits
• CT Characteristics are important – usually
good (should be less than 3 dB)
• How long to monitor?
– Very stable, One day may be adequate
– one week – for most cases
– Permanent monitoring in some cases

Harmonics 113
Presentation of Results – snap shots

Harmonics 114
Presentation of Results – Time Trends

Harmonics 115
 Harmonic Voltage Measurements

• Measure at PCC
• Low Voltage – measure with direct
connection
• Higher Voltages – Connect with PT –
frequency response is good to 3 k Hz (50th
harmonic)
• Avoid CCVTs – frequency response is not
good

Harmonics 116
 Evaluation Procedure

• Non-linear load is less than 10 - 20% of total

plant load – No harmonic evaluation
necessary
• Weighted Disturbing Power

SDw   (S
i
Di  Wi )

Harmonics 117
 C u rre n t W e ig h tin g
T ype of L oad T y p ic a l W a v e fo rm D is to rtio n F a c to r (W i)
1.0

S in g le P h a s e 0.5
80% 2 .5
P o w e r S u p p ly 0.0
(h ig h 3 rd )

Cue
r
r nt
-0.5

-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

0.5
h ig h 2 n d ,3 r d ,
S e m ic o n v e rte r 0.0
4 th a t p a r tia l 2 .5

Cue
r
r nt
-0.5 lo a d s
-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

6 P u ls e C o n v e r te r, 0.5

c a p a c itiv e s m o o th in g , 0.0
80% 2 .0

Cue
r
r nt
n o s e rie s in d u c ta n c e -0.5

-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

6 P u lse C o n v e r te r, 0.5

c a p a c itiv e s m o o th in g 0.0
40% 1 .0

ent
w ith s e rie s in d u c ta n c e > 3 % ,

u
Crr
-0.5

or dc d riv e
-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

6 P u ls e C o n v e rte r 0.5

w ith la rg e in d u c to r 0.0
28% 0 .8

Cue
r
r nt
fo r c u rre n t s m o o th in g -0.5

-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

0.5

1 2 P u ls e C o n v e rte r 0.0
15% 0 .5
Cue
r
r nt

-0.5

-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

1.0

a c V o lta g e 0.5
v a rie s w ith
R e g u la to r 0.0
firin g a n g le 0 .7
Cue
r
r nt

-0.5

-1.0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (mS)

F lu o re s c e n t
L ig h tin g Harmonics 17% 0 .5 118
 Evaluation Procedure
• If SDw / Ssc < 0.1%, then automatic
acceptance
• SDw is weighted disturbing power
• Ssc is short circuit capacity at PCC
• If customer has or considering PF Correction
Capacitors, harmonic evaluation is always
necessary

Harmonics 119
 UTILITY CUSTOMER

Choose PCC

Calculate Short Circuit Estimate Weighted Disturbing

Capacity (I ) Power (S ) or % Nonlinear
SC DWLoad

Is Power Factor
Yes Correction Existing or
Planned?

No

Calculate Average Maximum Stage 1:

Demand Load Current (I ) Yes Is Detailed Evaluation No
L Necessary?

Calculate Short Circuit Ratio

(SCR=I /I )
SC L

Characterize Harmonic Levels

(Measurements, Analysis)

Stage 2:
Does facility
meet harmonic No
limits?

Design Power Factor

Correction and/or Harmonic
Control Equipment (include
resonance and interaction
Yes concerns)

Verification Measurements
and Calculations
(if necessary)

Harmonics 120
 Applying Harmonic Limits For
Industrial Facilities
1. Usually supplied by dedicated transformer
2. Several nonliner loads – ASDs, Rectifiers, DC
drives, Induction furnaces
3. Loads are relatively low PF - Power factor
correction capacitors are installed
4. Industrial loads like motors do not provide much
damping for resonance conditions
5. Problems inside the facility before causing
problems in utility system
6. Limit Voltage distortion to 5% at PCC – provide
some margin for distortion within facility

Harmonics 121
 Applying Harmonic Limits For
Industrial Facilities
1. Choose PCC
2. Characterize Harmonic Loads
3. Determine if PF Correction Needed
4. Calculate Expected Current Harmonics at
PCC
5. Design Harmonic Control Equipment, if
necessary
6. Verify performance with measurements

Harmonics 122
 Applying Harmonic Limits For
Commercial Customers
• Significant percentage of Load is Electronic
Equipment and Switch mode Power Supplies
• High Efficiency Fluorescent Lighting
• HVAC Load is ASD drives
• Significant harmonic cancellation -Meeting
IEEE 519 at SES is rarely a problem
• Internal Harmonic Problems – neutral
overheating, transformer overloading,
communication interference

Harmonics 123
Overview of Proposed Revisions to IEEE 519

• Immediate
– Increased voltage limits for buses < 1 kV
– Limits for time-varying harmonics
– Revised notch and ringing limits and
definitions
• Near-term
– Measurements
• Limits for Single-Phase Equipment
– Dropped

Harmonics 124
 Voltage Distortion Limits
(% of nominal fundamental frequency
voltage)

  In d iv id u a l H ar m o n ic  T o tal V o ltag e 

B us V o ltag e at P C C  (V n )  V o ltag e D is to rtio n (% )  D isto rtio n ­ T H D V n  (% ) 

V n  6 9 kV   3 .0   5 .0  

6 9 kV  V n  1 6 1 kV   1 .5   2 .5  

V n  1 6 1 kV   1 .0   1 .5  

Harmonics 125
 Harmonic Voltage Limits

• Add a new voltage limit category for

buses less than 1 kV
– 5% limit for individual harmonics
– 8% limit for voltage THD
• Main concern is associated with
multiple zero crossings
– Research has shown that concern has
merit

Harmonics 126
 Time-Varying Harmonics
• Limits must be based on factual cause/effect
– Thermal effects occur over time
– Burst distortion effects can be instantaneous
– Startup/abnormal conditions should be tolerated
• The facts suggest providing
– Significant limit increases for short periods
– Some limit increases for intermediate periods
– No increases for the majority of the time
• Some statistical techniques may be needed

Harmonics 127
 Time Varying Harmonics
(24 hour period)

Total Duration of Maximum Acceptable

Harmonic Bursts Duration of a Harmonic
Single Harmonic Distortion Level
Burst
<15 minutes < 15 seconds 3.0 x design limit

>15 minutes and >15 sec and < 30 2.0 x design limit
< 1.2 hours minutes and

>1.2 hours and > 30 minutes design limit

Harmonics 128
 Measurements
• Define measurement specification
– Many commercial meters exist
• 8, 12, and 16 cycle windows
• 128 and 256 samples/cycle
• Filtering
– IEC 61000-4-30 offers potential
• Specific requirements
• Captures 3s, 10m, and 2hr values

Harmonics 129
 IEC Standards

 Apply at equipment level, 240 V or less, 1-ph,

690 V or less, 3-ph, 50 or 60 Hz
 61000-3-2: loads with input current < 16 A
 61000-3-12: loads with input current >16A and
<75A (published in 2004)
 61000-3-4: loads with input current > 75 A
 Use varies from country to country, mandatory
in EC
 UL certification available in US

Harmonics 130
 IEC 61000-3-2

 Class A - General Purpose loads, 3-ph

balanced equipment (plus any eqpt not in
B,C,D)
 Class B - Portable tools
 Class C - Lighting equipment
 Class D - Equipment with “special wave
shape” (conduction angle < 600), P < 600W

Harmonics 131
 Class A (Balanced 3-ph Equipment)
Harmonic Max. Permissible Harmonic
Order Current (Amps)
3 2.3
5 1.14
7 0.77
9 0.4
11 0.33
13 0.21
15-39 0.15 x 15/n

2 1.08
4 0.43
6 0.30
8-40 0.23 x 8/n
Harmonics 132
 Class C Equipment (Lighting >25W)

Harmonic Max. Harmonic

Order Current (% of Fund.)

2 2
3 30 x PF
5 10
7 7
9 5
11-39 3
(odd harmonics only)

Harmonics 133
 Class D Equipment (Special Waveshape)

Harmonic Relative Limit Max. Harmonic

Order (mA/W) Current (Amps)

3 3.4 2.30
5 1.9 1.14
7 1.0 0.77
9 0.5 0.40
11 0.35 0.33
13-39 3.85/n 0.15 x 15/n
(odd harmonics only)

Harmonics 134
IEC 3-12 (for Equpt >16 A and < 75 A)

Harmonics 135
 IEC 61000-3-4

 Loads with rated current > 75 A

 Stage 1: SC KVA/EQ. KVA > 33
 Stage 2: SC KVA/EQ. KVA 66, 120,
175, 250, 350, 450, 600
 Stage 3: Local Utility Requirements
apply.

Harmonics 136
 IEC Standards
 IEC Standards are based on European
distribution system
 3 ph, 3-wire feeder, and 3-ph, 3-wire
branches, 11 or 12 kV
 3-ph (delta-star), large (500 kVA - 1000
kVA) distribution transformers
 400/230V, 3-ph long secondary
 USNC - IEC standards in US

Harmonics 137
US distribution systems are different

 3-ph, 4-wire Feeder, 1-ph, 2-wire

branches, most 15 kV class
 Small (50 - 100 kVA) transformers
serving 6 to 8 residents
 120/240 V, 1-ph, short secondaries
 No consensus between manufacturers,
utilities and users

Harmonics 138
 Comparison of European and North
American Systems
European North American
Feeder 3-ph, 3-wire 3-ph, 4-wire
Branch 3-ph, 3-wire 1-ph, 2-wire
Transformer 500 kVA-1MVA 50 kVA-100kVA
Connection Y/ Gr Y / Gr Y
Secondary 400/230V, 3-ph 120/240V, 1-ph
Length Long short
Harmonics 139
 Harmonic Mitigation Techniques
• Harmonic Source Side
• Medium side
• Equipment side

Harmonics 140
 Harmonic Source side
• Multipulse rectifiers
• PWM rectifiers
• Unity power-factor rectifiers

Harmonics 141
12-Pulse Rectifier

Harmonics 142
 12-Pulse Bridge
Twelve pulse bridge - harmonic current

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Harmonic number

Harmonics 143
6N-Pulse Rectifier

Harmonics 144
Multipulse Rectifiers

Harmonics 145
Unity Power Factor Rectifier

Harmonics 146
Three-Phase Unity Power Factor Rectifier

Harmonics 147
Single-Phase PWM Rectifier
• Bidirectional power flow
• The input power factor is
adjustable
• The input current waveform
is adjustable

Harmonics 148
Three-Phase PWM Rectifier

Harmonics 149
 Medium side
• Passive filters
• Active filters
• Combination of active and passive filters

Harmonics 150
Harmonic reduction transformers

Load
I3

Interconnected Star
Transformer sized for
harmonic currents only
Isolating transformers

Delta-star isolating transformers reduce propagation

of harmonic current into the supply.

 Transformers should be adequately rated to

cope with the harmonics

 Although the transformer effectively

establishes a new neutral, don’t use half-sized
neutrals

 Provide a well rated four wire feed so that the

transformer can be isolated for service
Isolating transformers
Isolating transformers
Isolating transformers
Isolating transformers
Parallel Passive Filters

Harmonics 157
Series Passive Filters

Harmonics 158
 Passive harmonic filters

Filters are useful when

 the harmonic profile is well defined – such as

motor controllers

 the lowest harmonic is well above the

fundamental frequency

- but filter design can be difficult and, especially

for lower harmonics, the filters can be bulky and
expensive
Active filters

 Where the harmonic profile is unpredictable or

contains a high level of lower harmonics,
active filters are useful

 Active harmonic conditioners operate by

injecting a compensating current to cancel the
harmonic current
 Filters are useful when

the harmonic profile is well defined – such as motor controllers

the lowest harmonic is well above the fundamental frequency

- but filter design can be difficult and, especially for lower harmonics, the filters
can be bulky and expensive

Harmonics 161
Series Active Filters

Harmonics 162
Parallel-Passive Parallel-Active

Harmonics 163
Series-Active Series-Passive

Harmonics 164
Series-Active Parallel-Passive

Harmonics 165
Series-Passive Parallel-Active

Harmonics 166
Series Parallel-Passive Parallel-Active

Harmonics 167
Parallel Series-Passive Series-Active

Harmonics 168
Comparison of hybrid filters

Harmonics 169
 Equipment side
• K rated transformers
• Generator derating
• Cable derating

Harmonics 170
Reducing Voltage Distortion by Circuit Separation
Harmonic solutions

 Keep circuit impedances low

 Rate neutrals and multi-core cables generously -

1.73 to 2 times normal size

 Always use true RMS meters

 Provide a large number of separate circuits to

isolate problem and sensitive loads

 Take harmonics into account when rating

transformers

 Provide appropriate filtration where required

 Conclusions

• Harmonics are important aspect of

power quality
• Application of power electronics is
causing increased level of harmonics
• Survey the loads and make
preliminary evaluation
• IEEE and IEC Standards reviewed

Harmonics 173