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6.1 Ways of communicating

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 Communication is the sending and receiving of
information and ideas.
For Communication to take place the
following must occur
Sender, code, message, receiver

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 Communication is not complete if the
Following does NOT take place
SENDER

FEEDBACK MESSAGE

RECEIVER
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 The Sender *A person
Could be
*A Group
*An Organisation

Question?
What would be the content
in communication?

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 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

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 Types/Forms of communication
Non-verbal communication Verbal communication
Any form of communication Any Form of communication
that does NOT use words that uses words
• Pictograms Mines
• Screams Cries • Speech
• Signals Sculptures • Print
• Signs Clothing
• Gestures Facial Expressions
• Song
• Posture • Drama
• Mime
• Art forms
• Paintings
• Dance
• Postures
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 6.3 Written communication

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 What are the messages here?

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 Ideograms helped develop writing

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 Books may use pictures and text

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 6.4 Media for interpersonal
communication

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 Media Of Communication
• Messengers
Over the centuries,
• Mail *Magazines
communication has
become: • Telegraph *Satellite
• Telephone
• Faster
• Telex *Telephones
• Less expensive
• Fax
• Easier to use • Cellular/mobile phone
• More varied • Email and social media
• More informative • Videoconferencing
• Books *Computers

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 Which media would you use to communicate in
the following situations ?
Consider these factors in the choice of media:
• Size of audience
• Confidentiality
• Distance to be covered
• Population density and terrain
• Language
• Social context and social or economic status
• Beliefs and customs
• Technology available
• Geographic Conditions (Distance, Difficult to reach area)
• Urgency
• Economic status.
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 Dialogue and breakdown
• Good communication can ease a difficult
situation.
• Factors such as these can cause
communication to break down:
– Age or gender difference
– Beliefs, ideology or social status
– Unresolved conflict, mistrust or stress
– Language barriers
– Failure of equipment
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 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
COMMUNICATION
• This Means ANYTHING, CONDITION Or
SITUATION that determine HOW, WHY, WHEN
and WHAT we communicate. These May Be
POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

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 GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
• Distance between the sender and
receiver.
• Physical features of the land (Rivers,
Mountains, Forested nature) These may
cause delay or disrupt signals.
• Weather conditions(these may disrupt
signals)
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 SOCIAL/CULTURAL FACTORS
• The language of ones society/culture may be a barrier to
smooth communication with others outside of that society or
culture (eg. Spanish vs English vs Dutch vs French etc)
• Norms/More/Folkways and other practices that are rooted in
the way individuals interact may affect communication.
• Socio-Economic status of a person may determine
type/value/brand of communication device one can afford,
thus determining how you communicate.
• A persons religious culture may prohibit them from using
various form of communication or force them to stick to one
method of communication.
• A persons level of education, mental and physical state may
affect communication
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 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS
• The internet system which allows networking allows a large
amount of people to share the same information at the same
time and in convenience.
• Electronic mailing (email) can be sent between computers via
phone lines, cable systems and wireless network.
• Teleconferencing allows the visual/verbal communication
using computers and other mobile devices.
• Telecommnuting- This allows people to work at home away
from a permanent office location, using computer link with
clients or other employees.
• Mobile devices- allow freedom of movement, convenience
and operate anywhere within range of transmission.

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 FACTORS THAT LEAD TO
BREAKDOWN
in
COMMUNICATION
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• AGE- This may involve the generation gap between youths and
elders. Having different perspectives on the NORMS, MORES and
VALUES of society. Different levels of understanding and
interpretation.
• GENDER DIFFERENCES- Males and Females transmit information
uniquely which may not be easily interpreted by the opposite
gender.
• LACK OF CLARITY- Poorly chosen words and sentence construction
leading to misinterpretation.
• LANAGUAGE DIFFERENCES- Communication between people
speaking different languages is most difficult.
• BELIEFS AND IDEOLOGIES- A persons beliefs and ideology is
extremely important to them, any form of deviation from or
disrespect towards such set beliefs may hinder the progress of
communication.
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• STATUS- Each individual has a status which comes with various
levels of authority, power and responsibility. Not acknowledging or
respecting a person’s status may negatively affect communication.
• UNRESOLVED CONFLICT- Issues not settled or grudges between two
individuals may put a strain on relations and thus negatively affect
the way communication takes place.
• MISTRUST- A lack of trust in results in communication that is not
open or honest. This may create an unwillingness when it comes to
sharing information.
• STRESS- This may lead to the sender saying things they will regret.
Sender may be too tired to properly share information that is crucial
to another.
• PREJUDICES- Ones negative personal idea or feeling about another may lead
them to communicate in an unpleasant manner thus affecting the receiver of
the information.
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 THE MASS MEDIA
Communication that reaches LARGE numbers of people

*Mass media include:

– newspapers
– radio
– television
– film
– some internet media
– Books
– Posters
– Billboards
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 HOW MASS MEDIA
PROMOTE REGIONAL
INTEGRATION?
Meaning……………..How does the Mass
Media Help To Unify Us As Sister
Countries. ONE FAMILY

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 1.RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS- These
media forms broadcast programs beyond
country boarders/boundaries and thus create
a regional/Caribbean link between all
countries.

2. REGIONAL NEWS AGNECIES- These are news

organisations made up of journalists from
various countries who write and edit news and
information which are then transmitted to all
countries and broadcasted.

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 3. PRINTING ESTABLISHMENTS- these are
involved in the creation of magazines, news
papers and other reading materials which
carry information directly on individual
countries and issues affecting other sister
countries.

4.REGIONAL DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION-

These are government bodies that are
involved in the provision of information to
their own citizen on matters within their
country and who also provide information
about sister countries within the region.

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 6.7 Media ownership

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 Media ownership
Private ownership Government ownership
• Most Caribbean media • Some media are still
today are privately owned: government-owned.
– Some are owned by specialist • A few are public-private
media companies. partnerships.
– Some are owned by large
conglomerates which own • The BBC in the UK attempts
many businesses. to balance all points of view.
• Most media companies • Some state-owned media
need to make a profit. support the government.
• Most revenue comes from • Some receive a government
advertisers, who may try to subsidy to pay expenses.
influence what is shown.
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 6.8 Mass media in the
Caribbean

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 Caribbean mass media
• Most countries now have a wide range of
media.
• The Weekly Jamaica Courant was published
from 1718.
• Radio was widespread from the 1920s and TV
from the 1950s and 1960s.
• Internet, new media and multi-channel TV
were available from the 1990s and 2000s.

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 Media and Caribbean integration
• Some media companies operate in many
Caribbean countries.
• The internet allows access to newspapers,
radio and other media from across the region.
• Social media allow people to make friends and
contacts in many countries.
• Government, business and sporting
organisations can use the media to promote
regional activities.
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 THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL MEDIA
On
CARIBBEAN SOCIETY

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 Contrasting views on global media
Positive Negative
• Educational • Trashy
• Informative • Foreign
• Entertaining • Undermines Caribbean
• New ideas culture
• Many cultures • Should be censored
• Makes you think • Creates appetite for
imported luxury goods

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 1. IDENTITY
*Caribbean people are easily
adopting foreign lifestyles.
* They’re way of dress, choice
of foods, music and speech
are all altered to reflect
foreign practices (North
American)
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 2. VALUES, ATTITUDES &
BEHAVIOURS
*The values, attitudes and behaviours of the
Caribbean people are being altered or erased
from the society and are replaced with those
presented or seen on television.

*The presentation of violence and

promiscuous life styles in the media are
fed to the younger generation who intern
practice & accept such as normal
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 3.PERCEPTION
* The media created new perception within
Caribbean people. That is that it makes them
believe that everything foreign is better for use,
of a better quality and superior to all things local.

*It alters the self esteem of the Caribbean people

giving them the idea that adopting a foreign
lifestyle is equivalent to a better life or quality
life.

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 4.CREATIVITY
• The presentation of foreign products and
services through mass media has lead to
people of the Caribbean becoming less and
less creative and original.
• Persons who are in the creative industry are
less supported as such creativity is not
allowed to grow and expand. In addition there
is no room created for innovation and
inventions.

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 4.FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION

• Mass media has allowed for expansion in the

sharing of information (news, views, issues,
ideas), and has created a new level of
boldness and platform for people to express
themselves.

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 5.NATIONALISM &
REGIONALISM

• Mass media has affected the personal love

and pride of the Caribbean people for their
own country and region.

• Foreign programs broadcasted on a daily basis

promote the outside country and not anything
in the interest of the Caribbean people

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 Massedia
Media
Ownership & Control

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 There Are Three Types Of Ownership
• PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
(Individuals/Groups/Corporations)

• PUBLIC/ GOVERNMENT
OWNERSHIP (Government
Corporations)

• JOINT OWNERSHP
(Between Government and Private)
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 EFFECTS OF EACH TYPE OF OWNERSHIP
• Public/Government Ownership
1. Promotes national development
2. Provide services of importance to the nation that may not be
profitable to private enterprises
3. Force staff to constantly promote good image of government
4. Prevent opposing groups from accessing state facilities
5. Use large amounts of public resources
6. Prevent the airing of views on particular issues
7. Promote self interests and reliable information on government
policies
8. May not air negatives of the government.
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 EFFECTS OF EACH TYPE OF OWNERSHIP
• Private Ownership
1.Carry out operations just for profit.
2. Large importation of programming from abroad.
3. Influence a loss of cultural identity since majority of
programs are foreign base.
4. Allow for the easy transmission of
programs/materials even if they are critical of the
government.

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 EFFECTS OF EACH TYPE OF OWNERSHIP
• Joint Ownership
1. Agreement can be reached based
upon policies of freedom of
expression
2. Great support is given when
fostering Regional Intergration
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 6.10 Our cultural heritage

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 How culture is transmitted
Culture may be transmitted, transformed or
developed by:
– cultural groups
– artists
– mass media
– social media
– institutions

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 • Help people understand their cultural and historical background.
• Provide cultural knowledge and information
CULTURAL • Encourage young people to develop pride in their own culture
Groups • Provide alternatives to foreign cultures.

• Those persons working in the visual and performing arts field are able to
Artists communicate more straightforward information about our cultural heritage.
& • The arts are valuable ways of expressing and passing on the ideas and values of the
Artistes community (Caribbean)

• A number of institutions exist to preserve and transfer aspects of the

Institutions
Caribbean culture. These facilities are open to the public. The organize
lectures & exhibitions. E.g Art Galleries, Museums, Archive, National Trust

• Promote and preserve our culture through the broadcasting of programs

Mass and the airing of festivals and events related to our culture.
Media • Encourage the production of more local materials and encourage pride in
local culture
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 Other Ways To Transmit and Preserve Our Culture
• Establishing a ministry of culture to promote and preserve local
culture
• Giving financial support to events such as CARIFESTA and Best
Village performances
• Organizing competitions among schools in CALYPSO, SOCA,
REGGAE etc
• Facilitate the teaching of music, drama, pan tuning etc in schools
• Advertising our festivals on Social Media/ World Wide Web (
Carnival, Mashramai, Dewali, Phagwah, Crop Over) etc
• Declaring holidays for special events
• Honouring our Heros
• Preparing and refurbishing our Historical Sites and Buildings
• Enacting copyright laws to protect creative work.
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 Contributions to world culture
• Derek Walcott
• VS Naipaul
• Bob Marley
• Reggae, dance hall
• Calypso, steel pan
• Carnival
• Athletics
• Cricket

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 6.10 Regulation and media
freedom

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Government Regulating Media Operations.
• BROADCASTING COMMISSIONS
1.They determine the proportion of local and
Foreign programs aired by radio and TV stations
2. Set guidelines and code of conduct to ensure
accuracy, good taste, balance.
• CENSORSHIP BOARD
1.They Ensure that all that is broadcasted is not
immoral, harmful, offensive of politically
dangerous
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Government Regulating Media Operations.
• LEGISLATION
1.These are law prohibiting the transmission of
any that is profane, indecent, or incites violence
against any person or group.
LICENSING
1.Persons wishing to transmit need License to
operate specific mass medias (Radio/Tv) etc
If codes of conduct and ethics are breached the
license can be revoked.
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 CODES OF ETHICS
In many countries, the media are governed by a
code of ethics. These may:
– promote accurate reporting
– restrict sex and violence in the media
– protect the rights of children and crime victims
– prevent unfair references to race, religion, sex or
sexual orientation, or to a disability

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 How Can We Protect The
Creative Work of Individuals
?????????????

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 Protection of creative work
• Authors, musicians, artists, software
developers, and others use time and talent to
develop creative work.
• They have a right to benefit from their work.
• The law of COPYRIGHT prevents others from
using creative work without permission e.g
(Copying/ reproducing/Selling/Rearranging/
Broadcasting without permission)
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