WELCOME TO

FIELD OF COOLING
REFRIGERATION Screw
- Min about 100 TR
- Temp no bar
Compression type Centrifugal
chillers - High capacity temp
- normally above zero

Reciprocating
- Low capacity
- temperature no bar

Ammonia
- Low COP
Vapour absorption - No bar for temp
type chillers - Custom built

LiBr
- Good COP
- Standard Series
- Temp limitation up to 0oC
 1. WHAT DOES “TR” MEAN?
TR is the unit of measurement of refrigeration capacity and is defined as …

• 00:00 hrs, Day 1

1 US ton of water Heat removal

i.e. 907 Kg at 0oC at constant rate
• 00:00 hrs, Day 2

1 US ton of Ice Heat removal

at 0oC at constant rate

• i.e. Refrigeration unit is defined as heat rejected by 1 ton of water at 0ºC to

form ice in 24 hrs. On calculation –

1 ton of Refrigeration (TR) = 1 USTR = 1USRT = 3024 kcal/hr

 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGINE AND
REFRIGERATION MACHINE
Exhaust heat Cooling Water
Rejection ‘R2’ Heat out ‘R’

Cooling kW Refrigeration Refrigeration

Engine
Water Heat Output machine Output ‘O’
out ‘R1’ ‘O’

Heat input ‘I’ Heat input ‘I’

- Heat balance over this system - - Heat balance over this system -
I = R1 + R2 + O R=I+O

- Efficiency, E = Desired effect - Efficiency, E = Desired effect

Input Energy Input Energy
= O = O
I I
- E would always less than 1 -E could be greater than 1
-Hence called COP –
Coefficient of Performance
 3. COMPARISON B/W COMPRESSION
& VAPOUR ABSOPRTION CHILLER

COMPRESSION ABSORPTION

CONDENSOR
CONDENSOR

REBOILER

COMPRESSOR
PUMP

EVAPORATOR ABSORBER

EVAPORATOR
VAPOUR ABSORPTION
CHILLERS
 WORKING SUBSTANCES IN VAPOUR
ABSOPRTION CHILLER

• LiBr
– Hygroscopic Nature
– Properties

• Water
– Properties
 PRINCIPLES OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION
MACHINE

a) Affinity to water

High LiBr Higher Affinity

Concentration

Higher Temperature Lower Affinity

b) Boiling point of water
Boiling point of a liquid is a function of its vapour pressure

10 Kg/cm2(g) 175°C

760mm Hg 100°C

70mm Hg 45°C

6mm Hg 3.5°C
Pressure Boiling Point
Modifications
SINGLE EFFECT STEAM FIRED CYCLE DIAGRAM (SS)
 KNOW YOUR EQUIPMENT VAM

 MAKE : VOLTAS
 CAPACITY : 300 TR
 TYPE : STEAM FIRED LITHIUM BROMIDE TYPE VAM
 CHILLED WATER COOLING RANGE : 11.4 TO 7 DEG
 CONDENSER WATER WARM RANGE : 31.6 TO 37.2 DEG
 COOLING TOWER WATER FLOW RATE : 170 CMH
 TEMPERATURE DROP : 5.4 DEG
 HEAT REMOVAL : 918000 KCAL/HR
 COOLING WATER PUMP CAPACITY & HEAD : 170 CMH, 35 M
 CHILLED WATER PUMP CAPACITY & HEAD : 115 CMH,40 M
VAM RUNNING PARAMETERS
 SOP OF VAM

Before starting the VAM machine please follow the instructions

1 - Power on main supply from which it is connected should be from DG

supply of the VAM panel.
2 – Then control power “ON” inside VAM control panel.
3 – The MCB ON for refrigerant pump ,spray pump and vacuum pump on
the VAM panel.
4 – Start 2 chilled water pump and 2 cooling water pump and check inlet
and outlet pressure of chilled and cooling water.
5 – There should be a pressure difference of 0.7ksc betweem chilled water
inlet and outlet.
6 – If all the above steps are OK then start the machine by pushing the
start button.
7 – After 1min spray pump and refrigerant pump will be ON
 SOP OF VAM

8 – Then check the steam control valve is 100% open it will open
automatically.
9 – Then slowly charge the steam in the system by opening the manual
valve from PRDS and it should be less than 8ksc.
10 – After 10 min start the vacuum pump to maintain vacuum upto 400 Hg
11 – Check the parameters mentioned below
A - Steam pressure should be less than 8 ksc.
B – Steam temperature should be less than 170 deg.
C – Solution dilution temperature should be less than 75 deg.
D – Absorber level must be full.
E – High generator level should be ½ and low generator level ¼
F – The difference between high solution temperature and steam
temperature should be maintain between 20 to 30 deg.
G – Vacuum pump must be run atleast 1hr in each shift.
 SHUTDOWN

1 – Close the steam supply manual isolation valve slowly.

2 – Press stop button on the VAM plc panel.
3 – Check steam control valve will close automatically.
4 – When solution dilution temperature reaches 42.9 deg then
automatically system will stop and also solution pump and
refrigerant pump will stop.
5 – Stop chilled water pump,cooling water pump and AHU.
DON’T
1 – Don’t shutdown chilled water and condenser water pumps until
the dilution cycle is completed.
2 – The water level of cooling tower should not come below the
condenser pipe header.
3 – Don’t charge the steam during stop condition.
 HOW VAM WORKS

 PARTS
1 – SOLUTION PUMP
2 - GENERATOR
3 – CONDENSER
4 – EVAPORATOR
5 – ABSORBER
Here Lithium Bromide is used as Absorbent and the entire process is
almost takes in a complete vacuum.
1 . SOLUTION PUMP
A dilute lithium bromide solution in the bottom of absorber shell. From
here a solution pump moves the solution through shell & tube heat
exchanger for preheating.
 PARTS

2 . GENERATOR
After Passing through the heat exchanger the dilute solution moves to
the upper shell.The solution surrounds the tubes consisting of steam
or hot water.The steam transfer heat into the pool of dilute lithium
bromide solution.Hence the solution gets heated & refrigerant vapour
upward to the condenser leaving the concentrated lithium bromide
solution.The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the
heat exchanger where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped
to the generator.
3 . CONDENSER
The refrigerant vapour moves to the condenser tube and condenses on
the tubes.The heat removed by the cooling water which flows inside the
tubes.As refigerant condenses it is collected at the bottom of the
condenser.
 PARTS

4 . EVAPORATOR
The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser upper shell to the
evaporator in lower shell.Then after it is sprayed over the evaporator
tubes.Due to extreme vacuum in the lower shell the refrigerant boils at
approximately 39 deg F.This will create refrigerant effect .
5 . ABSORBER
As the refrigerant vapour moves to the absorber from the
evaporator.The strong lithium bromide solution is sprayed top of the
absober tubes.The lithium bromide solution pulls the referigerant vapour
creating vacuum in the evaporator.The absorption of the refrigerant
vapour into lithium bromide solution also generate heat removed by the
cooling water.Now the dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the
bottom of the lower shell where it flows down to the solution pump.The
chilling cycle is completed and process begins once again.
 Types of Vapour Absorption Systems

• Based On Heat Source :

Indirect Fired Direct Fired

Hot
Steam Water
Driven Driven
 Types of Vapour Absorption Systems

• Based On No of Stages :

Single Effect Double Effect

 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL
SYSTEMS

Alternative energy source can not be used.

Consumes costly & increasingly scarce electricity.
Uses Harmful CFC / HCFC as refrigerants
High O & M cost.
High Noise & Vibration COSTS
 ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION
COOLING SYSTEMS

ECONOMICAL when runs on low cost heat

source.
No moving parts, hence no WEAR & TEAR.
Less down time due to lesser maintenance.
No dynamic loading, hence no Vibration.
Silent Operation
Automatic step less modulation from 10% to 100%
load.
Same efficiency in part load operation.
No harmful HCFC/CFC refrigerant is used. Water
is used as refrigerant.
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