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characterization
•structural engineers know the engineering properties (strength, modulus of
elasticity, etc.) of the material (steel, concrete) they are working with, based on
the material they are using.
•however, geotechnical engineers work with soil, which is a natural material with
unknown engineering properties.
• thats why geotechnical engineers spend most of their time identifying the types
of soils on a site and evaluating their engineering properties (i.e. strength,
consolidation characteristics, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity
etc.)
Site Exploration
•The elements of a site investigation generally should provide the following:
1) Information to determine the type of foundation required (shallow
or deep)
2) Information to allow the geotechnical consultant to make a
recommendation on the allowable load capacity of the foundation
3) Sufficient data/laboratory tests to make settlement predictions
4) Location of the ground water table
5) Informatin so that identification and solution of construction
problems (sheeting and dewatering or rock excavation, etc..) can be
made
6) Information to identify potential problems (settlements, existing
damage, etc..)
7) Information to identify environmental problems
CLAY h2
SAND h3
h4
2~3 m
~1 m
TP-1
Number of borings
Coordinates of borings
BH-1 BH-3 Topographic plan
BH-5
TP-2
BH-2 BH-4
Location, number and depth of borings
For a building with a width of 30m
Augering
Washboring
Exploratory Borings
• usually subsurface explorations are performed using a drilling rig
to drill borings.
Set of sieves
CBR test
SPT spoon
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
When the test carried out in very fine sand or silty sand below the water table the
measured N value, if greater than 15, should be corrected for the increased resistance
due to negative excess pore pressure set up during driving and unable to dissipate
immediately. The corrected value is given by:
N’ = 15+1/2(N-15)
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
The standard blow count N60 can be computed from the
measured N as follows:
ER
N 60 N x xCB xCS xCR
0.6
( N1 ) 60 N 60 xC N
N=measured SPT N value
N60= SPT N value corrected for 60% energy efficiency and field procedures
(N1)60 = SPT N value corrected for 60% energy efficiency and field procedures, and overburden correction
CN = correction factor for overburden pressure
σv´is the effective overburden pressure of the test location (in kPa)
ER = hammer energy ratio
CB = correction factor for borehole diameter
CS = correction factor for samplers with and without liners
CR = correction factor for rod length
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Uses of SPT data and
correlations
Both electrical and mechanical means of measuring cone resistance and side
friction are currently used, with the shape of the cone differing
considerably according to the method in use. The cone is driven from
ground surface, without making a borehole, using a special mobile
hydraulic penetrometer rig.
CPT is an invasive soil test that defines soil strata type, soil properties, and
strength parameters. It is highly repeatable, insensitive to operators, and best
suited for uncemented soils, sands, or clay.
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
correlations with CPT data
•the good thing about CPT is that you can take continuous measurements through different
soil profiles (unlike SPT)
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Once the vane has been pushed into the ground, it is rotated at a
slow rate. Torsional force is measured, and is then converted to
unit shearing resistance by assuming the geometry of the shear
surface, and the shear stress distribution across it.
Field Vane Test
Field Vane Test
cuv-design = l . cuv
Field Vane Test
Field Vane Test
Pressuremeter Test
The pressuremeter was developed in France in the early 1950s (Ménard
1957). In its earliest form it was (and remains today) a simple, robust
mechanical tool, well-adapted to use in routine investigations.
Pressuremeter tests can be carried out both in soils and in rocks. The
pressuremeter probe, which is a cylindrical device designed to apply uniform
pressure to the ground via a flexible membrane, is normally installed
vertically, thus loading the ground horizontally.
qu(F)=qu(P)