STRENGTH OF MATERIALS-I

Engr Mehwish Asad

Assistant Professor
 Introduction

Course ID: CE-207

Credit Hours: 2+1 = 3
Specific Objectives of Course:
 To enable students to learn fundamentals
regarding strength of materials.
 To enhance skills of utilizing materials of
appropriate strength for civil engineering
application.
 Introduction

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

No CLO Statement PLO Bloom’s
Discuss materials and their utilization in
CLO-1 structures considering engineering PLO-1 C-2
properties
Apply fundamental concepts to analyze
CLO-2 and design structural members PLO-2 C-3
subjected to various loadings
CLO-3 Perform safety analysis of structural PLO-2 C-3
members
 Reference books
1.Beer, F. P., E. R. Johnston, J. T. DeWolf, and D. F.
Mazurek (2011) Mechanics of Materials, 6th
Edition, McGraw Hill.
2.Hibbeler, R. C. (2011) Mechanics of Materials,
8th Edition, Prentice Hall.
3.Gere, J. M., and B. J. Goodno (2012) Mechanics
of Materials, Brief edition, Cenage Learning.
4.Pytel, A., F. L. Singer (1987) Strength of
Materials, 4th Edition, Harper International.
 Course Contents
Simple stress and strain
Types of stresses and strains, Statically determinate and
indeterminate compatibility problems, Compound bars,
Temperature stresses.
Analysis of Beams
Advanced cases of shearing forces and bending moment
diagrams for determinate beams, Relationship between loads,
shear force and bending moment, Theory of simple bending,
Distribution of shear stresses in beams of symmetrical sections.
Principle of superposition, Deflection of beams using double
integration, moment area and conjugate beam methods.
Circular Shafts: Torsion of hollow and solid circular section.
 Course Contents
Column and Struts
Columns, Types and different formulae for critical load like Euler’s
formula, and Empirical formula like Rankine Gordon Formula,
initially imperfect columns, slenderness ratio.
Strain Energy: Strain energy due to direct load, shear bending
and torsion, Impact loads.
Springs: Open coil springs, closed coil springs, leaf springs.
Introduction to Torsion of Thin Walled Tubes and Non-
Circular Members
Thin, Thick and Compound Cylinders
Fatigue: Fatigue due to cyclic loading, Discontinuities and Stress
Concentration, Corrosion Fatigue, Low Cyclic Fatigue and ɛ-N
Lecture 01
 Lecture Contents
This lecture covers
 Definition of Strength of materials
 Revision of basics/fundamentals of
engineering mechanics
 Analysis of Internal Forces
 Stress (1st Chapter of SOM-I)
 Definition
Strength of materials

 Strength of Materials is a branch of

mechanics that studies the internal effects
of stress and strain in a solid body that is
subjected to an external loading.
 Stress is associated with the strength of
the material from which the body is made
 Strain is a measure of the deformation of
the body.
 Definition

 It develops relationship between the external

loads applied on any body and the internal
force being produced within the body.
 It is also concerned with the deformations
produced due to applied loading.
 Also deals with the study of body’s stability
when subjected to applied loads.
 Definition
 Other names for this field of study are
mechanics of materials and mechanics of
deformable bodies.

 Note: Deflection and Body’s Stability not only

depends on the loading applied but also on
the type of material from which the body is
made.
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body:
• Since statics has an important role in both
the development and application of
mechanics of materials, it is very important to
have a good grasp of its fundamentals.
External Loads.
• A body is subjected to only two types of
external loads; namely, surface forces or
body forces
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
Surface Forces.
Surface forces are caused by direct contact
of one body with the surface of another. In
all cases these forces are distributed over
area of contact between the bodies. If this
area is small in comparison with the total
surface area of the body, then the surface
force can be idealized as a single
concentrated force, which is applied to a
point on the body.
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
If the surface loading is
applied along a narrow strip
of area, the loading can be
idealized as a linear
distributed load, w(s). Here
the loading is measured as
having an intensity of
force/length along the strip
and is represented
graphically by a series of
arrows along the lines.
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
The resultant force FR of w(s) is equivalent
to the area under the distributed loading
curve, and this resultant acts through the
centroid C or geometric center of this area.
The loading along the length of a beam is a
typical example of where this idealization is
often applied.
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
Body Forces.
A body force is developed when one body
exerts a force on another body without direct
physical contact between the bodies.
Examples include the effects caused by the
earth’s gravitation or electromagnetic field.
Although body forces affect each of the
particles composing the body, these forces
are normally represented by a single
concentrated force acting on the body.
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
In the case of gravitation, this force is called
the weight of the body and acts through the
body’s center of gravity.

Support Reactions.
The surface forces that develop at the
supports or points of contact between
bodies are called reactions. For two-
dimensional problems, i.e., bodies subjected
to coplanar force systems, the supports
most commonly encountered are shown in
Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
As a general rule, if support prevents
translation in a given direction, a force must
be developed on the member in that
direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a
couple moment must be exerted on the
member. For example, roller support only
prevents translation normal to the surface.
Hence, the roller exerts a normal force on
the member at its point of contact. Since
member can freely rotate about roller, a
couple moment can not be developed on the
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
Equations of Equilibrium.
Equilibrium of a body requires both a
balance of forces, to prevent the body from
translating or having accelerated motion
along a straight or curved path, and a
balance of moments, to prevent the body
from rotating. These conditions can be
expressed mathematically by two vector
equations
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics
Here, ∑F represents the sum of all the
forces acting on the body, and ∑M o is the
sum of the moments of all the forces about
any point O either on or off the body. If an x,
y, z coordinate system is established with
the origin at point O, the force and moment
vectors can be resolved into components
along each coordinate axis and the above
two equations can be written in scalar form
as six equations, namely,
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics

Often in engineering practice the loading on

a body can be represented as a system of
coplanar forces. If this is the case, and the
forces lie in the x–y plan, then the
conditions for equilibrium of the body can be
specified with only three equilibrium
equations; that is,
 Fundamentals of Engineering
Mechanics

Here all the moments are summed about

point O and so they will be directed along
the z axis. Successful application of the
equations of equilibrium requires complete
specification of all the known and unknown
forces that act on the body, and so the best
way to account for all these forces is to draw
the body’s free-body diagram.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
• Consider a body as shown. It is held in
equilibrium by external applied forces.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
• Let us cut a section and consider one part to
explore the internal forces.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
• Although the exact
distribution of this
internal loading may be
unknown, use equations
of equilibrium to relate
external forces on
bottom part of the body
to the resultant force
and moment, and at any
specific point O on the
sectioned area
 Analysis of Internal Forces

• Establish x, y
and z axis at
origin O and
split the
resultant into
respective
components.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
Vx, Vy Shear Force
Nz Normal Force
Mx, My Bending Moment
Tz Torsion

Note: If a body is subjected to coplanar system

of forces; only normal force, shear force and
bending moment will exist at a section.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
Normal force, N.
This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is
developed whenever the external loads tend
to push or pull on the two segments of the
body.
Shear force, V.
The shear force lies in the plane of the area
and it is developed when the external loads
tend to cause the two segments of the body
to slide over one another.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
Torsional moment or torque, T.
This effect is developed when the external
loads tend to twist one segment of the body
with respect to the other about an axis
perpendicular to the area.
Bending moment, M.
The bending moment is caused by the
external loads that tend to bend the body
about an axis lying within the plane of the
area.
 Analysis of Internal Forces
If a body is subjected to coplanar system of
forces; only normal force, shear force and
bending moment will exist at a section.
 Chapter-1
STRESS

What comes to your mind when

you heard this word “STRESS”
STRESS
 STRESS

• Stress is defined as the intensity of a force

OR

• Force acting per unit area is known as

Stress.
 STRESS

What is Strength?
 STRESS

What is the difference between

Stress and Strength?
 Axial Loading

What do you understand by Axial

Loading???
 STRESS

• Axial Loading; Normal Stress: Force per

unit area acting perpendicular to section
under observation is known as Normal
Stress.

OR

• Normal force per unit area is Normal Stress.

STRESS
 STRESS
EXAMPLE:

a) free-body diagram of a
segment of the bar,

b) segment of the bar

before loading,

c) segment of the bar

after loading, and

d) normal stresses in the

bar
 STRESS

Example:
• If two bars of same
length and different
cross-sectional areas are
subjected to different
loading, load carrying
capacity of a bar cannot
be justified by the
amount of load being
carried by any bar.
 STRESS
• If we see the dispersion of load on respective
cross-sections we will find a common factor
of comparison for which bar is stronger than
the other. This common factor is Stress
denoted by σ.

• Where “P” is the applied load and “A” is the

cross-sectional area
 STRESS
• This equation can give us the average stress
and not the stress at all points which can be
determined by differential load over
differential area.
• There are certain conditions under which the
stress is uniform across the entire section.
 STRESS
• Consider the section
shown.
• Stress is not uniform
across the section.
• Stress concentrations can
be clearly seen.
• The conditions under
which stress is uniform
occurs at section f-f and
b-b.
 STRESS
These conditions are illustrated below;
1. The section/element is prismatic
2. The section is homogenous
3. The load is applied axially and through
the centroid
4. The minimum distance of section line
from loading point must be equal to the
minimum width of element/section

Note: Condition under which Stress is uniform is

known as Simple Stress.
 STRESS
Problem #01: Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross section at C of
the beam shown in fig.
 STRESS
Solution:
1). Support Reactions.
The support reactions at A do not have to be
determined if segment CB is considered.
The intensity of the distributed loading at C
is found by proportion.

Therefore,
w = 180 N/m
 STRESS
2). Free-Body Diagram.
The magnitude of the resultant of the
distributed load is equal to the area under the
loading curve (triangle) and acts through the
centroid of this area.

Which acts at

from C
 STRESS
3). Equations of Equilibrium.
Applying the equations of equilibrium we
have

NOTE: The negative sign indicates that MC acts in

the opposite direction to that shown on the free-
body diagram.
 STRESS

Problem #02: Determine the resultant internal

loadings acting on the cross section at C
of the machine shaft shown in fig.
 STRESS

Solution:
1). Support Reactions.
Let us consider the segment AC and
compute the reaction at A
 STRESS

The negative sign indicates that AY acts in the

opposite sense to that shown on the free-
body diagram.
2). Free-Body Diagram.
The free-body diagram of
segment AC is shown
 STRESS
3). Equations of Equilibrium.
The free-body diagram of segment AC is shown

NOTE: The negative signs for VC and MC indicate they act

in the opposite directions on the free-body diagram.
 STRESS
Problem #03: A composite bar consist of an
aluminum section rigidly fastened between
a bronze section and a steel section as
shown. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Determine the stress
in each section.
 STRESS

Solution:
In order to determine the stress in each
segment, find out the axial load at each
section.
(Tension)

(Compression)
 STRESS
Applying the stress equation;
 STRESS

Problem #04: The block of weight W hangs

from the pin at A. The bars AB and AC are
pinned to the support at B and C. The
areas are 800mm2 and 400mm2 for AB and
AC respectively. Neglecting the weight of
the bars, determine the maximum safe
value of W if the stress in AB is limited to
110MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.
STRESS
 STRESS
Apply the equations of equilibrium;

Solving simultaneously,
 STRESS
Now;

For AB;

For AC;

Therefore the maximum safe load is 61.7 kN

 Shear Stress

What do you understand by Shear

Stress???
 STRESS
Shearing Stress:
• Force per unit area acting along or parallel
to area resisting the force is known as
Shearing Stress.
• Shearing stress is the stress component
that acts in plane of the sectioned area.
• Shearing stress is normally known as
tangential stress.
• Shear stress is denoted by , tau.
STRESS
 STRESS
• To show how this stress can develop,
consider the effect of applying a force F to
the bar. If the supports are considered
rigid, and F is large enough, it will cause
the material of the bar to deform and fail
along the planes identified by AB and CD.
 STRESS
• A free-body diagram of the unsupported
center segment of the bar, indicates that
the shear force must be applied at each
section to hold the segment in
equilibrium.
 STRESS
• The average shear stress
distributed over each sectioned
area that develops this shear
force is defined by

Here, =avg. shear stress at the section, which

is assumed to be same at each point
located on section
V =internal resultant shear force on
section determined from eq. of equilibrium
A =area at the section
 STRESS
Single Shear:
• Wood joint shown in fig below is an
example of single shear and the
connection is referred to as lap joint.
 STRESS
Double Shear:
• Wood joint shown in fig below is an
example of double shear and the
connection is referred to as double lap
joint.
 Bearing Stress

What do you understand by

Bearing???
STRESS
 STRESS
• Bearing Stress: is
a normal stress that
is produced by the
compression of one
surface against
another surface.
• Example for
bearing stress is
soil pressure under
piers.
 STRESS
• Another example
for bearing stress is
stress developed at
bolt connection.
 STRESS
Problem Statement: The two members are
pinned at B as shown in Fig. top views of the
pin connections at A and B are also given in
the figure. If the pins have an allowable shear
stress of =12.5ksi and the allowable
tensile stress of rod CB is =16.2ksi,
determine to the nearest 1/16 in. the smallest
diameter of pins A and B and the diameter of
rod CB necessary to support the load.
 STRESS

Problem Statement:
 STRESS

Solution:
• The first step is to calculate the reaction at
supports.
 STRESS
• Since Pin at A is subjected to double shear
and that at B is subjected to single shear.
 STRESS
• Since
 STRESS
• So we can select the bolt size nearest to
1/16, therefore
dA=7/16 in
dB=5/8 in
• Now the diameter of rod BC can be
determined by normal stress equation.
 STRESS

So choose dBC=9/16in
 STRESS
Problem Statement: Figure shows a W460
x 97 beam riveted to a W610 x 125
girder by 100x90x10mm angles with
19mm diameter rivets. There are two
angles, one on each side of the beam.
For each rivet, assume
= 80MPa and = 170MPa. The web
of the girder is 11.9mm thick, and the
web of the beam is 11.4mm thick.
Determine the allowable end reaction.
STRESS
 STRESS
Solution:
• At the girder;
 STRESS
• At the beam;

(Since there are 4 rivets in double shear

giving 8 single shear areas)
And
 STRESS
Problem Statement:
The 20-mm diameter rod BC has flat ends of
20x40-mm rectangular cross section, while
boom AB has a 30x50-mm rectangular cross
section and is fitted with a clevis at end B.
Both members are connected at B by a pin
from which the 30-kN load is suspended by
means of a U-shaped bracket. Boom AB is
supported at A by a pin fitted into a double
bracket, while rod BC is connected at C to a
single bracket. All pins are 25 mm in
diameter. Analyze the structure.
 STRESS
Reactions:
 STRESS
We have found two of the
four unknowns, but
cannot determine the
other two from these
equations, and no
additional independent
equation can be obtained
from the free-body
diagram of the structure.
We must now dismember
the structure. Considering By solving, we obtain;
the free-body diagram of
the boom AB, we write
the following equilibrium
equation:
 STRESS
Internal Forces:
These results could have been anticipated by recognizing
that AB and BC are two-force members, i.e., members
that are subjected to forces at only two points, these
points being A and B for member AB, and B and C for
member BC. Indeed, for a two-force member the lines of
action of the resultants of the forces acting at each of the
two points are equal and opposite and pass through both
points. Using this property, we could have obtained a
simpler solution by considering the free-body diagram of
pin B. The forces on pin B are the forces FAB and FBC
exerted, respectively, by members AB and BC, and the
30-kN load (Fig.a). We can express that pin B is in
equilibrium by drawing the corresponding force triangle
(Fig.b)
 STRESS
Since the force FBC is directed
along member BC, its slope is the
same as that of BC, namely, 3/4.
We can, therefore, write the
proportion.

We Obtain
 STRESS
Determination of the Normal Stress in Rod BC.

However, the flat parts of the rod are also under tension
and at the narrowest section, where a hole is located, we
have

The corresponding average value of the stress, therefore, is