WHAT IS RESEARCH?

“RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY TO

DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT AND CONTROL THE
OBSERVED PHENOMENON. RESEARCH INVOLVES
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS.”
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. SYSTEMATIC
2. RESEARCH IS BASED ON LOGICAL REASONING AND INVOLVES BOTH INDUCTIVE
AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS.
3. THE DATA OR KNOWLEDGE THAT IS DERIVED IS IN REAL TIME, ACTUAL
OBSERVATIONS IN THE NATURAL SETTINGS
4. RESEARCH CREATES A PATH FOR GENERATING NEW QUESTIONS.
5. RESEARCH IS ANALYTICAL IN NATURE.
6. ACCURACY IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CHARACTER OF RESEARCH, THE
INFORMATION THAT IS OBTAINED WHILE CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH SHOULD BE
ACCURATE AND TRUE TO ITS NATURE.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RESEARCH?

BASIC RESEARCH:
BASIC RESEARCH IS MOSTLY CONDUCTED TO
ENHANCE KNOWLEDGE
EXPERIMENT IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF BASIC
RESEARCH.
 APPLIED RESEARCH

APPLIED RESEARCH FOCUSES ON ANALYZING AND

SOLVING REAL-LIFE PROBLEMS. THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH
REFERS TO THE STUDY THAT HELPS SOLVE PRACTICAL
PROBLEMS USING SCIENTIFIC METHODS.

FOR EXAMPLE, FINDING A SPECIFIC CURE FOR A DISEASE.

 PROBLEM ORIENTED RESEARCH

PROBLEM-ORIENTED RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED TO UNDERSTAND

THE EXACT NATURE OF THE PROBLEM TO FIND OUT RELEVANT
SOLUTIONS.
EXAMPLE
REVENUE OF A CAR COMPANY HAS DECREASED BY 12% IN THE
LAST YEAR. THE FOLLOWING COULD BE THE PROBABLE CAUSES:
THERE IS NO OPTIMUM PRODUCTION, POOR QUALITY OF A
 PROBLEM SOLVING RESEARCH
THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED BY COMPANIES
TO UNDERSTAND AND RESOLVE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS.
THE PROBLEM-SOLVING RESEARCH USES APPLIED
RESEARCH TO FIND SOLUTIONS TO THE EXISTING
PROBLEMS.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PROCESS THAT IS ABOUT INQUIRY, THAT HELPS IN-DEPTH

UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEMS OR ISSUES IN THEIR
NATURAL SETTINGS.
THIS IS A NON- STATISTICAL RESEARCH METHOD.
SAMPLE SIZE IS USUALLY 6-10 PEOPLE IN A SAMPLE
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS ARE USED TO ELICIT INFORMATION
 METHODS USED FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ONE-TO-ONE INTERVIEW
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH (IMMERSION)

CASE STUDY RESEARCH (REFERS TO AN IN-DEPTH, DETAILED

STUDY OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR A SMALL GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS)
FOCUS GROUP
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
STRUCTURED WAY OF COLLECTING DATA AND ANALYZING IT
TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS
USES A COMPUTATIONAL, STATISTICAL AND SIMILAR METHOD
TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA

INVOLVES A LARGER POPULATION AS MORE NUMBER OF

PEOPLE MEANS MORE DATA
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS (ONLINE SURVEY)
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS (QUESTIONNAIRES)
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS (POLLS)
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH?

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
CONDUCTED TO EXPLORE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
MAY OR MAY NOT OFFER A FINAL CONCLUSION TO THE
RESEARCH CONDUCTED
EXAMPLE
A RESEARCH CONDUCTED TO KNOW THE LEVEL OF CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION AMONG THE PATRONS OF A RESTAURANT.
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

THE THREE MAIN PURPOSES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

ARE DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING AND VALIDATING THE
FINDINGS.
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE
BEHAVIOR OF A SAMPLE POPULATION.
 EXAMPLE
A RESEARCH CONDUCTED TO KNOW IF TOP-LEVEL
MANAGEMENT LEADERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY POSSES
THE MORAL RIGHT TO RECEIVE A HUGE SUM OF MONEY
FROM THE COMPANY PROFIT?
 EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
(CASUAL REASEARCH)

CONDUCTED TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF

CERTAIN CHANGES IN EXISTING STANDARD
PROCEDURES.
 TO UNDERSTAND THE
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH
DESIGN USING RESEARCH
PURPOSE HERE IS A COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS:
 Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory
Research Research Research

Research Highly
Unstructured Structured
approach used structured

Research Asking Asking By using

conducted research research research
through questions questions hypotheses.

Early stages of Later stages of Later stages of

When is it
decision decision decision
conducted?
making making making
THE RESEARCH PROCESS AND THE PARTS OF THE
RESEARCH REPORT (THESIS)

PRELIMINARIES
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1-THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND

RATIONALE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (CHAP 2 IN SOME
INSTITUTIONS)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS (CONCRETE/OPERATIONAL)
 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
CONCRETE- UNIVERSAL DEFINITION

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
RESEARCHERS OWN DEFINTION OF TERMS AS USED IN
HIS/HER STUDY
1. IDENTIFYING A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC
2. TRANSLATING THE RESEARCHABLE TOPIC INTO
• A TITLE
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (OR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES) AND
HYPOTHESIS(ES) AS NEEDED
• CONSTRUCTING THE CORRESPONDING FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL/ANALYTICAL)
3. WRITING THE FIRST CHAPTER (INTRODUCTION / THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND)
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
A CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF AN ISSUE TO BE
ADDRESSED OR A CONDITION TO BE IMPROVED
UPON. IT IDENTIFIES THE GAP BETWEEN THE
CURRENT (PROBLEM) STATE AND DESIRED (GOAL)
STATE OF A PROCESS OR PRODUCT.
FIVE W’S
 HYPOTHESIS
A HYPOTHESIS IS A TENTATIVE STATEMENT ABOUT
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE VARIABLES. IT IS A SPECIFIC, TESTABLE
PREDICTION ABOUT WHAT YOU EXPECT TO
HAPPEN IN A STUDY.
 TYPE OF HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS (H)

HYPOTHESIS THAT THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPECIFIED
POPULATION
DENIAL OF AN ATTRIBUTE, AN EXISTENCE, A DIFFERENCE OR AN EFFECT OR
RELATIONSHIP EXPRESSED IN NEGATIVE STATEMENT
EXAMPLE
THE IS NO SIGNIFANT DIFFERENCE IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE DIFFERENT
GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAM IN TERMS
OF ITS VISION
 ALTERNANTIVE HYPOTHESIS

AFFIRMS THE EXISTENCE OF A PHENOMENON ,

ACCEPTANCE OF THE ATTRIBUTES OF RELATIONSHIP,
EFFECTS AND DIFFERENCES
 SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS

1. ENVIRONMENT
2. ON LITERATURE
3. ON OTHER EMPIRICAL DATA
4. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
 EXAMPLES
1. IF I REPLACE A BATTERY IN MY CAR, THEN MY CAR WILL
GET BETTER GAS MILEAGE.
2. IF I EAT MORE VEGETABLES, THEN I WILL LOSE WEIGHT
FASTER.
3. IF MY BOYFRIEND LOVES ME, THEN HE WILL NOT
CHEAT ON ME.
 VARIABLES
A VARIABLE IS DEFINED AS ANYTHING THAT HAS A QUANTITY
OR QUALITY THAT VARIES
3 TYPES OF VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: THIS VARIABLE IS THE ONE THAT IS
MANIPULATED OR CHANGED BY THE SCIENTIST
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OBSERVED OR MEASURED IN THE
EXPERIMENT
CONTROL VARIABLE/CONSTANT VARIABLE: REMAINS THE
SAME
 TRY IT!
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
ON THE HEALTH OF DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOGRAPHERS WORKING IN SELECTED
HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN NUEVA VIZCAYA
AND ISABELA AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 2–REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
& STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE
RELATED STUDIES
SYNTHESIS
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
RESEARCH TOOLS
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
TREATMENT OF DATA (STATISTICS)
 RESEARCH DESIGNS
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN SEEKS TO DESCRIBE THE CURRENT STATUS
OF A VARIABLE OR PHENOMENON. THE RESEARCHER DOES NOT
BEGIN WITH A HYPOTHESIS, BUT TYPICALLY DEVELOPS ONE
AFTER THE DATA IS COLLECTED.
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN EXPLORES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN VARIABLES USING STATISTICAL ANALYSES. HOWEVER, IT
DOES NOT LOOK FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT AND THEREFORE, IS
ALSO MOSTLY OBSERVATIONAL IN TERMS OF DATA COLLECTION.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE)
SEEKS TO ESTABLISH A CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (TRUE EXPERIMENTATION) USE
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ESTABLISH CAUSE-EFFECT
RELATIONSHIP AMONG A GROUP OF VARIABLES IN A
 SAMPLE
SAMPLE IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, OR ITEMS THAT
ARE TAKEN FROM A LARGER POPULATION FOR
MEASUREMENT. THE SAMPLE SHOULD BE REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE POPULATION TO ENSURE THAT WE CAN GENERALISE THE
FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH SAMPLE TO THE
POPULATION AS A WHOLE.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE
THE RESEARCH POPULATION IS CHOSEN OUT OF
CONVENIENCE FROM A POPULATION FOR OBSERVATION
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
A SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM INFORMATION RICH CASES FOR
IN-DEPTH STUDY. THE SIZE AND SPECIFIC CASES DEPEND ON
THE STUDY PURPOSE
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
JUDGEMENT SAMPLE – THE RESEARCH POPULATION IS OBTAINED
ACCORDING TO THE DISCRETION OF SOMEONE WHO IS
FAMILIAR WITH THE RESEARCH POPULATIONS RELEVANT
CHARACTERISTICS
THE RANDOM SAMPLE – A SAMPLE CHOSEN AT RANDOM FROM
THE RESEARCH POPULATION USING A RECOGNISED METHOD
 RESEARCH TOOLS
ANYTHING THAT BECOMES A MEANS OF COLLECTING
INFORMATION FOR YOUR STUDY IS CALLED
A RESEARCH TOOL OR A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT.
FOR EXAMPLE, OBSERVATION FORMS, INTERVIEW
SCHEDULES, QUESTIONNAIRES, AND INTERVIEW
GUIDES ARE ALL CLASSIFIED AS RESEARCH TOOLS
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(PARTS/SECTIONS: ACCORDING TO
THE ORDER OF THE OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY OR STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM)
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. IDENTIFYING A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC
2. TRANSLATING THE RESEARCHABLE TOPIC INTO
• A TITLE
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (OR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES) AND
HYPOTHESIS(ES) AS NEEDED
• CONSTRUCTING THE CORRESPONDING FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL/ANALYTICAL)
3. WRITING THE FIRST CHAPTER (INTRODUCTION / THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND)
 THEORY
A THEORY IS A SYSTEM USED TO ORDER CONCEPTS INTO A
COHERENT FRAMEWORK OF CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONS

IN A THEORY, RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS ARE

ELABORATED IN ADEQUATE DETAIL TO EXPLAIN AN EVENT OR
PHENOMENON AND TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ARISING FROM THE
THEORY
 MODEL
A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF A THEORETICAL
OR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
IT BECOMES THE BASIS OF THE STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM (PURPOSE OF THE STUDY)
1. HOW ARE RESEARCH QUESTIONS MOST OFTEN DESCRIBED?
A. ARISING WITHIN A LABORATORY SETTING
B. POSED AFTER IMPORTANT FACTORS ARE IDENTIFIED
C. MAY ARISE FROM OUR EVERYDAY LIFE EXPERIENCES
D. ALWAYS ANSWERED IF WE FOLLOW A SCIENTIFIC METHOD
OF INQUIRY
2. IN GENERAL, WHEN SELECTING FACTORS FOR A
STUDY, YOU WANT TO BE SURE OF WHICH OF THESE?
A. THEY HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED BEFORE
B. THEY ARE AVAILABLE TO INVESTIGATE
C. THEY ARE NOT OF INTEREST TO YOU
D. THEY DO NOT LEAD TO ANOTHER QUESTION
3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES A
HYPOTHESIS?
A. STATEMENT THAT YOU SET OUT TO PROVE
B. TESTED BY COLLECTING ONLY THE DATA THAT SUPPORT IT
C. PROPOSED BEFORE A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION CAN
BE DEVELOPED
D. POSITS A CLEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT
FACTORS
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS CAN TYPICALLY BE DESCRIBED
BY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
C. CORRELATIONAL
D. QUALITATIVE
5. MICHAEL HANDS OUT A SURVEY TO FIND OUT THE
AVERAGE AGE AND SCHOOLING LEVEL OF HIS CLASS.
WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH IS THIS?
A. HISTORICAL
B. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
C. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
D. DESCRIPTIVE
6. IDENTIFY AND SELECT THE CORRECT ORDER OF STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC
INQUIRY .
A. FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS, COLLECTING RELEVANT INFORMATION,
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS, WORKING WITH THE HYPOTHESIS
B. RECONSIDERING THE THEORY, ASKING NEW QUESTIONS, IDENTIFYING
THE IMPORTANT FACTORS, COLLECTING RELEVANT INFORMATION
C. ASKING THE QUESTION, IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANT FACTORS,
ASKING NEW QUESTIONS, TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
D. ASKING NEW QUESTIONS, RECONSIDERING THE THEORY, WORKING
WITH THE HYPOTHESIS, TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
7. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD OF INQUIRY?
A. COMPLETE ONCE THE HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN TESTED
B. WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC RESEARCH
QUESTION
C. SYSTEMATIC PROCESS THAT IS USED TO ANSWER
QUESTIONS
D. DIFFERENT IN BASIC RESEARCH THAN IN APPLIED RESEARCH
8. NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHODS CONSIST OF
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. TEST CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES
B. ONLY DESCRIBE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING
PHENOMENON
C. CAN BE DESCRIPTIVE, HISTORICAL, OR
CORRELATIONAL
D. EXAMINE FACTORS THAT ARE NOT RELATED
9. HANNAH ASSIGNS CHILDREN TO DIFFERENT TEACHING
METHOD GROUPS AND TESTS THEIR MATH PERFORMANCE
AFTER SIX WEEKS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT TYPE OF
RESEARCH?

A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. HISTORICAL
C. EXPERIMENTAL
D. UNCONTROLLED
10. WHAT IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPLIED
AND BASIC RESEARCH?
A. BASIC RESEARCH TAKES LONGER TO COMPLETE
B. APPLIED RESEARCH IS LESS IMPORTANT
C. BASIC RESEARCH IS MORE TRADITIONAL
D. BASIC RESEARCH HAS NO IMMEDIATE APPLICATION
11. SAMANTHA IS INTERESTED IN STUDYING THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER DIFFERENCES AND
VERBAL ABILITY. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT TYPE OF
RESEARCH?
A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
C. CORRELATIONAL
D. GENDER RESEARCH
12. WHEN VARIABLES COMPETE TO EXPLAIN THE SAME
EFFECTS, WHAT ARE THEY SOMETIMES CALLED?
A. CONTRADICTORY
B. INTERTWINING
C. CONFOUNDING
D. INTERDEPENDENT
13. IN A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT TV
VIEWING ON CHILDREN’S AGGRESSIVENESS, AMOUNT OF
TV VIEWING WOULD BE WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE?
A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. CONTROL VARIABLE
D. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
14. FACTORIAL DESIGNS ARE EXPERIMENTS THAT CAN
BEST BE DEFINED BY WHICH OF THESE STATEMENTS?
A. HAVE ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
B. HAVE ONE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. HAVE MORE THAN ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
D. ARE TESTED ON MATH PROBLEMS
15. WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE HAS AN UNPREDICTABLE
IMPACT ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
A. WILD VARIABLE
B. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
D. MODERATOR VARIABLE
16. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS REPRESENTS WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS?
A. NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
B. A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
C. A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT
AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
D. A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
17. WHICH TYPE OF STUDY MAY NOT HAVE AN IMPLIED
NULL HYPOTHESIS?
A. CORRELATIONAL
B. DESCRIPTIVE
C. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
D. EXPERIMENTAL
18. OUR JOB AS RESEARCHERS IS TO ELIMINATE
___________ AS A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS.
A. CHANCE
B. CHANGE
C. THE HYPOTHESIS
D. AN AVERAGE SCORE
19.WHAT DOES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION USUALLY
PURSUE?
A. A SMALL PART OF A BROAD TOPIC
B. A TOPIC UNRELATED TO ANY OTHER TOPICS
C. THE SAME THING AS THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
D. A BROAD TOPIC
20. THE INTERPRETATION OF “DIFFERENCES ARE
SIGNIFICANT” MEANS THAT THE DIFFERENCES FOUND
ARE_________________.
A. PROBABLY NOT DUE TO CHANCE
B. DUE TO CHANCE
C. CREATIVE OUTCOMES
D. NOT DICTATED BY THE HYPOTHESIS
21. THERE WILL BE NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CHILDREN'S TIME IN DAY CARE AND LATER ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING?
A. A RESEARCH QUESTION
B. A FACTORIAL DESIGN
C. A CORRELATION
D. A NULL HYPOTHESIS
22. THE SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL REPORTED IN A RESEARCH STUDY
CAN BE EXPLAINED BY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. IMPORTANCE OF THE RESULTS TO THE BENEFIT OF
SOCIETY
B. A STATISTICAL METHOD
C. RISK ASSOCIATED WITH NOT BEING 100% CONFIDENT
THE DIFFERENCE IS DUE TO THE TREATMENT
D. IMPORTANCE OF THE RESULTS TO THE BENEFIT OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
23. WHAT IS THE TERM OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE
RANDOM VARIABILITY INTRODUCED INTO EVERY STUDY AS A
FUNCTION OF THE GROUP OF SUBJECTS PARTICIPATING, AS
WELL AS MANY OTHER UNFORESEEN FACTORS?
A. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
B. NON-NORMALITY
C. BIASED SAMPLING
D. CHANCE
24. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CHARACTERISTIC
OF A WELL-WRITTEN RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS?
A. ASKS A PERTINENT QUESTION
B. BASED ON RESEARCHER’S INSTINCT
C. SHOULD BE LONG AND DETAILED
D. IS TESTABLE
25. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A GOOD WAY TO
FIND A RESEARCH TOPIC?
A. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
B. GETTING AN IDEA FROM YOUR ADVISOR
C. LOOKING FOR THE NEXT STEP IN THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
26. WHICH SOURCE SHOULD NOT BE CITED IN A FORMAL
ACADEMIC LITERATURE REVIEW?
A. NEWSWEEK
B. REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
C. HANDBOOK OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
D. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL FINANCE
27. WHAT IS BASIC RESEARCH?
A. RESEARCH THAT IS NOT YET ADVANCED
B. RESEARCH THAT DEALS WITH SIMPLE QUESTIONS
C. RESEARCH THAT IS NOT APPLIED TO A SPECIFIC
SOCIAL PROBLEM
D. RESEARCH THAT IS BASICALLY SIMILAR THAT WHAT
HAS COME BEFORE
28. A RESEARCHER WORKING ON DISCOVERING HOW TO
IMPROVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ TEST SCORES
WOULD BE MOST LIKELY CHARACTERIZED AS
CONDUCTING _____.
A. BASIC RESEARCH
B. APPLIED RESEARCH
C. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
D. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
29. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THEORY TO A WORKING
SCIENTIST?
A. INTERNAL COHERENCE
B. ECONOMY
C. PREDICTIVE
D. FERTILITY
30. IN A STUDY, WHY IS AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
IMPORTANT?
A. IT SPECIFIES HOW A VARIABLE IS MEASURED
B. T TESTS THE ECONOMY OF A THEORY
C. IT CALCULATES THE STRENGTH AND DEGREE OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES
D. IT ASSISTS IN THE DEBRIEFING PROCESS
31. WHY DO RESEARCHERS USE DECEPTION?
A. THEY HAVE NO ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
B. THEY THINK DECEPTION IS INHERENTLY INTERESTING
C. THEY DON’T THINK STUDY PARTICIPANTS WILL CARE
ONE WAY OR ANOTHER
D. THEY WORRY THAT PARTICIPANTS WILL NOT BEHAVE
NATURALLY IF THEY KNOW THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
32. THE GROUP OF PEOPLE IDENTIFIED IN THE RESEARCH
QUESTION OR HYPOTHESIS IS CALLED THE _____.
A. SAMPLE
B. SURVEY
C. POPULATION
D. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
33. A RESEARCHER LOOKS FOR THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STUDENTS’ STANDARDIZED TEST SCORES AND
THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN A PARTICULAR CITY. HER
DATA CAN BE DESCRIBED AS _____.
A. QUANTITATIVE
B. QUALITATIVE
C. EXPERIMENTAL
D. OBSERVATIONAL
34. DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR IN REALISTIC CONTEXTS
IS THE GOAL OF _____.
A. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
C. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
D. ONLINE RESEARCH
35. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE IN NATURALISTIC
OBSERVATION?
A. THE RESEARCHER IS A PARTICIPANT IN THE OBSERVED
GROUP
B. THE RESEARCHER IS AS UNOBTRUSIVE AS POSSIBLE
C. THE RESEARCHER IS CLEARLY VISIBLE TO THE
PARTICIPANTS
D. THE RESEARCHER IS LOOKING FOR CAUSES OF SOCIAL
36. WHICH IF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A BENEFIT OF
OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH?
A. SEEING BEHAVIOR IN ITS FULL CONTEXT
B. DOCUMENTING BEHAVIOR THAT WOULD NOT
NORMALLY BE PART OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
C. ABILITY TO MAINTAIN CAREFUL CONTROL
D. OBSERVE EVENTS THAT COULD NOT BE RECREATED IN
A LABORATORY FOR REASONS OF ETHICS OR SAFETY
37. WHICH OF THE RESEARCH METHODS DESCRIBED IN THE
TEXT POSES THE GREATEST RISK OF INVADING
PARTICIPANTS’ PRIVACY?
A. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
C. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
D. ONLINE RESEARCH
38. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH IS THE STUDY OF WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING:
A. BEHAVIOR IN NATURAL CONTEXTS
B. INFLUENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ON A
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. ALREADY-EXISTING RECORDS
D. THE WAY THAT OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR
39. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SURVEY TOPICS
WOULD BE MOST PRONE TO BEING AFFECTED BY THE
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS?
A. FAVOURABLE/UNFAVOURABLE VIEWS ABOUT
PARTICULAR POLITICAL CANDIDATES
B. INTEREST IN SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES
C. FREQUENCY OF EXERCISE
D. AVERAGE MINUTES SPENT IN COMMUTING
40. CORRELATIONS ARE USED FOR PREDICTION. IN THIS
CASE, WHAT DOES PREDICTION MEAN?
A. BEING ABLE TO ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF ONE VARIABLE,
KNOWING THE VALUE OF ANOTHER
B. ESTIMATING WHAT WILL HAPPEN ON ONE VARIABLE IN
THE FUTURE
C. ESTIMATING HOW THE RESULTS WILL CAUSE A THEORY
TO BE RE EVALUATED
D. ESTIMATING THE DEGREE OF CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
41. KENDRA'S STUDY FOCUSES ON THE ROLE OF
CHILDHOOD INFORMAL SPORT IN JAPANESE, RUSSIAN,
AND AMERICAN CULTURE. HER WORK MIGHT BEST BE
CATEGORIZED AS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. CASE STUDY.
B. ETHOLOGY.
C. PHENOMENOLOGY.
D. ETHNOLOGY.