IMPROVEMENT OF FARM

ANIMALS AND POULTRY

 Livestock Improvement
• The universally recognised essential methods for
livestock improvement (four pillars ) are:
1. Breeding: both the male and female should be of
superior genetic merit
2.Weeding :culling unwanted and uneconomical animals
3.Feeding:animals should be fed for their maintenance
and production
4.Heeding:implies good animal management and general
supervision including housing,care and maintenance of
hygiene
 National livestock mission
• The Mission is designed to cover all the
activities required to ensure quantitative and
qualitative improvement in livestock production
systems and capacity building of all
stakeholders.
• The Mission will cover everything germane to
improvement of livestock productivity and
support projects and initiatives required for that
purpose subject.
• This Mission is formulated with the objective
of sustainable development of livestock sector,
focusing on improving availability of quality
feed and fodder.
• NLM is implemented in all States including
Sikkim.
1. The Mission on Fodder and Feed
Development
• It will address the problems of scarcity of
animal feed resources, in order to give a push
to the livestock sector making it a
competitive enterprise for India, and also to
harness its export potential.
• The major objective is to reduce the deficit to
nil.
• 2. Mission on Livestock Development:
• There are provisions for productivity
enhancement, entrepreneurship
development and employment generation
(bankable projects)
• Strengthening of infrastructure of state farms
with respect to modernization, automation
and biosecurity, conservation of threatened
breeds, minor livestock development, rural
slaughter houses, fallen animals and livestock
insurance.
3.Mission on Pig Development in North-Eastern
Region:
• There has been persistent demand from the North
Eastern States seeking support for all round
development of piggery in the region.
• For the first time, under NLM a Sub-Mission on Pig
Development in North-Eastern Region is provided
wherein Government of India would support:
• The State Piggery Farms, and importation of
germplasm so that eventually the masses get the
benefit as it is linked to livelihood and contributes in
providing protein-rich food in 8 States of the NER.
4.Sub-Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer
and Extension:
• The extension machinery at field level for livestock
activities is very weak.
• As a result, farmers are not able to adopt the
technologies developed by research institutions.
• The emergence of new technologies and practices
require linkages between stakeholders and this sub-
mission will enable a wider outreach to the farmers.
• All the States, including NER States may avail the
benefits of the multiple components and the flexibility
of choosing them under NLM for a sustainable livestock
development.
 The Objective of the NPIP

• Is to provide a cooperative Industry-State-

Federal program through which new
diagnostic technology can be effectively
applied to the improvement of poultry and
poultry products throughout the country.
 The NPIP goals include the following:

• Eradicate Salmonella pullorum and S.

gallinarum from all poultry.

• Provide national certification guidelines for

hatcheries, breeding flocks and handlers with
respect to egg-transmitted and hatchery-
disseminated diseases
• Provide a mechanism for regulated interstate
movement of poultry and poultry products.

• Provide a voluntary industry-driven

mechanism to make changes to the existing
provisions for the control of egg-transmitted
and hatchery disseminated diseases of poultry
and to provide infrastructure.
• Provide uniform definitions and terminology
with respect to poultry, poultry products,
hatcheries, dealers, and disease status.
• Provide recommended sanitation procedures
for flocks, hatching egg, hatchery, cleaning and
disinfection protocol, and fumigation.
• Provide various flock and hatchery disease
status classifications for egg-transmitted and
hatchery-disseminated diseases of poultry.
• Provide various disease classifications for State
with respect to egg-transmitted and hatchery-
disseminated diseases of poultry.

• Meet the needs of the various subparts of the

NPIP with respect to egg-transmitted and
hatchery-disseminated diseases, in egg-type
chickens, meat-type chickens, turkeys, and in
waterfowl, exhibition poultry and game birds,
including ostrich.
DIGESTION IN POULTRY AND
LIVESTOCK
 What is digestion ?

• The process by which large complex nutrient

molecules are broken down into simpler
molecules capable of being used by the
organism for food.
 Simple stomach animals

• Humans, swine, rabbits, chickens and horses

all have a simple stomach, which is also known
as a monogastric digestive system.
Digestive tract of monogastric avian
 Parts and functions of the monogastric
avian digestive system

• Mouth/Beak - gather and break down feed

• Esophagus - tube from mouth to stomach that is

open at the mouth end

• Crop - feed storage and moistening

• Proventriculus - glandular stomach (HCI and gastric
juices); enzymatic
• Gizzard - muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown
• Small Intestine - enzymatic digestion and absorption
-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the end products of
digestion -Enzymes in the small intestine
• Ceca - essentially non functioning in monogastrics
• Large Intestine:
-bacterial activity
-water absorption
-waste storage

• Cloaca - common chamber for GI and urinary tracts

• Vent - common exit for GI and urinary tracts

Digestive tract of monogastric mammal –
swine and rabbit
 Parts and functions of the monogastric
mammal digestive system
• Mouth
-gather and chew feed using tongue and teeth
-salivary glands moisten feed to aid in swallowing
-saliva begins the carbohydrate breakdown with
salivary amylase
• Esophagus
-tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the
mouth end
-separated from stomach by the esophageal sphincter
• • Stomach
• -muscular gland lined sac that receives ingesta
from the esophagus and conducts both
physical and chemical digestion
• primary secretions: pepsin - enzyme that
digests protein;
hydrochlorides - acids that aid in protein
digestion
• Small Intestine -enzymatic digestion and
absorption
-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of
the end products of digestion
1. duodenum - most digestion occurs here
2. jejunum - some digestion and some absorption
occur
3. ileum - mostly absorption
Bile - made in liver, stored in gall bladder, active in
the small intestine, emulsifies fat to aid in digestion
Enzymes in the small intestine
• Cecum - essentially non functioning in many
monogastrics. Rabbits and horses have an
enlarged cecum that acts like a rumen and is
involved with microbial digestion
(fermentation)
• Large Intestine
-bacterial activity
-water absorption
-waste storage
 Complex stomach
• Sheep, cows, and goats are examples of animals with
complex stomachs, which are also known as ruminant
digestive systems
Parts and functions of the ruminant
digestive system
1. Anus
2. Rectum
3. Cecum
4.Colon
5. Duodenum
6. Rumen
7. Reticulum
8. Esophagus
9. Abomasum
10. Omasum
11. Small Intestine
• Ruminants are characterized by having a
stomach with four compartment
• Rumination - the regurgitation, rechewing and
reswallowing of ingested food
• Cud - mass of regurgitated ingesta; bolus
• Process of rumination
1. regurgitate bolus from rumen
2. rechew and reinsalivate
3. reswallow
4. repeat with another bolus
 Parts and functions of the ruminant
digestive system continued…
• Mouth
-contains dental pad, teeth,
tongue and saliva
-saliva contains no salivary
amylase

• Esophagus
-tube from mouth to stomach
-tube from stomach to mouth
• Rumen - large fermentation vat; also called the
"paunch"
• -anaerobic
• -Temperature = 39oC (103oF)
-saturated with gasses
-constant motion
Rumen
• Functions of Microorganisms
-digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids
-make protein
-make vitamins K and B complex
(Very similar to cecum of rabbit and horse)
The function of the rumen is to house
microorganisms.
• Reticulum - "honeycomb"
-houses microorganisms
-catches hardware (ingested by
animal)
-houses the opening to the
omasum

• Omasum - "manyplies“ or
“book”
-full of folded tissue
-water absorption
• Abomasum - true stomach
-pepsin
-HCl
• Small Intestine
-enzymatic digestion and absorption
-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the end products
of digestion
• 1.duodenum
• 2.jejunum
• 3.ileum
•Cecum - some microbial fermentation
•Large Intestine
-water absorption
-waste storage
FEEDING OF CATTLE &
BUFFALOES
 IMPORTANCE OF FEEDING
Feed cost accounts for 60% of cost of milk production

Margin of profits can be increased by

i) Feeding balanced rations

ii) Improved feeding patterns

iii) Adjustment to individual situations

- Pre - requisites

Ø Knowledge of nutrients and their functions

Ø Digestive process / utilization

Ø Feed ingredients and their nutritive value

Ø Requirement

Ø Economical ration formulation

 NUTRIENTS REQUIRED

1. WATER
2. PROTEINS
3. CARBOHYDRATES
4. FATS
5. MINERALS
6. VITAMINS
WATER
• softening and lubrication of food
• Transportation of the digested food
• Regulation of body temperature
• Medium for the elimination of wastes
PROTEINS
• required for building of muscles
• for making good of wear and tear
• growth of foetus
• production of milk
• energy
CARBOHYDRATES
• Chief source of energy for maintenance of body
temperature, functions of organs, work and
production

FATS
• important source of stored energy
• Provides two and a half times energy than carbohydrates
• Precursor of hormones
• Carrier of fat soluble vitamins
MINERALS
• Essential for development of bones and teeth
• Maintenance of acid base equilibrium
• Functioning of nerve and muscles

VITAMINS
• Required for various physiological activities
• Vitamin B complex and C synthesized in the rumen
• Vitamin A, D and K to be provided
 DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

STARCH SUGAR CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE

BACTERIA
BACTERIA
&
&
PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA

VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS

ENERGY
 DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

PROTEINS NON PROTEIN

NITROGEN UREA

PEPTIDES

AMINO ACIDS
RUMEN

AMMONIA

MICROBIAL PROTEIN

AMINO ACIDS
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
• Different for maintenance, growth, reproduction
and milk production
• Vary with size (body weight) and level of
production
• Derived by conducting experiments
• ICAR, ARC, NRC standards
• Modified from time to time
 ANIMAL FEEDS
• Classified into two groups
• Roughages and Concetrates
• Roughages – more than 18% fiber
eg. Green fodder, Dry fodder (ragi straw,
paddy straw, etc.,)
• Concentrates – Less than 18% fiber
 Basal diet of Indian livestock

Roughages:
Forms the bulk of ruminants diet
Crop residues like paddy straw, ragi straw and
wheat straw
Stovers (jowar)
Pulses straw
groundnut haulms
dried grass/ green grass
tree leaves
shrubs etc
Concentrates: agro industrial byproducts (cakes,
brans, husks, chuni etc.)
 Feedstuffs CP RDP UDP
-- gram per kg dry matter --
Roughages
Alfalfa fresh (Medicago sativa) 200 152 48
Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) 259 127 132
Grass hay 29 13 16
Guninea grass 82 33 49
Maize early cut 165 96 69
Oats (Avena Sativa) 126 65 61
Para grass 71 34 37
Rice straw 40 15 25
Subabul (Leucaena 250 80 170
leucocephala)
Sugar cane tops, chaffed, ensiled 68 10 58
Wheat straw 33 18 15
 Limitations of roughages

Lower dry matter intake

Lower nutrient digestibility
Poor palatability
Poor availability of essential minerals
N content as well as energy density is very less
Not even support maintenance requirement
Limitations of roughages
(continued)

ØLow bulk density

ØHuge transportation cost
ØLabour intensive
ØHandling problems
ØTraffic hazards
ØStorage problems
Concentrate Mixture (Cattle Feed)
• Grains (20-30%) –Maize,Jowar,Ragi,broken
rice,wheat,barley,bajra,etc
• Oilcakes (20-30%) – cottonseed cake, groundnut
cake, soyabean cake, sunflower cake, etc.
• Byproducts (20-30%) – Rice bran, wheat bran, etc.,
• Others (10-12%)
Molases (10), salt (1), Min.Mix (2), Urea(1)
 Nutrient requirement of cattle and buffaloes

Live weight Dry matter (kg) Crude protein (g) Energy (TDN) (kg)
Maintenance
300 5-6 351 2.62
400 7-8 436 3.27
500 9-10 515 3.88
600 11-12 591 4.47
Growth
100 2.78 459 1.8
200 5.0 770 3.14
For milk
production (fat)
(per kg)
3.0 96 0.290
4.0 96 0.330
5.0 96 0.370
6.0 96 0.410
7.0 96 0.460
Nutritive value of commonly used feedstuffs (Percent on as
such basis)

FEEDSTUFF DM CP TDN
Green fodder
Legumes
Cow pea 20 6 12
Lucerne 20 4 12
Berseem 20 3 12
Non legumes 20
Jowar 20 1.5 11
Maize 20 1.5 14
Oats 20 2 14
Napier grass 20 2 12
Para grass 20 1.5 10
Bajra 20 2 12

Ragi straw 90 4 50
Paddy Straw 90 4 40
Wheat Straw 90 3 45
Byproducts

Rice bran 90 15 60
Wheat bran 90 14 60
Gram husk 90 5 50
Molases 70 4 80
 Nutritive value of commonly used feedstuffs
(Percent on as such basis)
Feedstuff DM CP TDN
Straws
Ragi straw 90 4 50
Paddy Straw 90 4 40
Wheat Straw 90 3 45
Byproducts
Rice bran 90 15 60
Wheat bran 90 14 60
Gram husk 90 5 50
Molases 70 4 80
 COMPUTATION OF RATION
• Prepare concentrate mixture (cattle feed) with 18-22%
CP & 60-70% TDN
• Ascertain the requirement of DM
• Thumb rule for DM requirement , 1.5 to 2.00 kg per 100
kg body weight (maintenance) , 3 kg per 100 kg body
weight ( lacttating animal)
. CP & TDN
Ascertain the roughages available and their NV
• Determine quantity of roughages to provide 65% DM,
preferably, two third from green fodder and one third
from dry fodder. Calculate energy and protein supplied
• Make up the deficit by concentrate mixture.
• Provide all the nutrients within DM intake
capacity.
Ration formulation for a cow weighing 400kg,
producing 10 lit.of milk with 4% fat
• Nutrients Required

• DM(Kg) CP(g) TDN (Kg)

• Maintenance 312 3.55

• Production 770 3.25

• Total 12.00 1082 6.80

 Ration formulation
Cow : Live weight 400 kg, DMI capacity : 12 kg
Nutrient required : DM : 12 kg, CP : 1082g, TDN : 6.80 kg

Situation I : Plenty of green fodder

DM CP TDN
Kg) (g) (Kg)
40 kg grass (20, 1.5, 11) 8.0 600 4.4
3 kg Conc. Mixture (90, 20, 2.7 600 2.1
70)
1.5 kg Paddy straw (90, 0,40) 1.35 000 0.4
Total 12.05 1200 6.9
 Situation II (less green fodder)
DM (Kg) CP (g) TDN(Kg)
Kg
20 kg grass 4.0 300 2.2
4.5 kg Con. mix 4.0 900 3.1
4.0 kg straw 3.6 - 1.6
11.6 1200 6.9

Situation III (only straw)

6.0 kg straw 5.4 - 2.4
6.0 kg Con. mix 5.4 1200 4.2
10.8 1200 6.6
 Existing Feeding Practices
Organised sector : Compounded feed, Green fodder Dry fodder,
Common salt (?)
Mineral mixture (?)
Unorganised sector : Bran, Oil cakes, Gram husk as
individual ingredients, compounded feed with bran or cake,
Kitchen waste
Green fodder depending on seasonal availability
Dry fodder and grazing
Common salt and mineral mixture feeding: Not common – about 10-15% farmers
follow this practice
 Critical Issues
1.Ration not balanced.
2. Over feeding and under feeding.
3. Inadequate fibre in the diet : Acidosis,
low fat in milk
4. Inadequate minerals and vitamins.
5. Feed safety and quality control.
6. Scarcity of feeds / fodders and water
during natural calamities.
7. Full genetic potential not exploited.
8. Economic loss.
 Scarcity of feed / fodder resources

1. Calves / heifers are underfed : stunted

growth, delayed puberty, low resistance to
diseases.

2. Vitamin A deficiency due to inadequate green

fodder feeding : Low fertility.

3. Low milk production.

 Inadequate energy intake

Farmers feed more bran, cake, gram husk and less

cereal grains.

During post partum period : Low dry matter

intake – weight loss, negative energy balance -
post partum anoestrus, low conception rate,
longer inter calving period, economic loss.
 Inadequate protein intake

1. Low Nitrogen supply to rumen microbes limits fibre

digestion and reduces microbial protein synthesis.

2. Low S N F in milk.

3. Low Bypass protein intake and higher level of rumen

degradable protein lead to high blood urea and
reduces conception rate.
 Mineral deficiency / imbalances
1. Inadequate supplementation of minerals
and crop residue based feeding system lead to
mineral deficiency.
2. Reproductive disorders (Anoestrus, delayed
puberty, repeat breeding, silent heat)
3. Hair loss, skin lesions.
4. Low nutrient utilisation.
5. Reduced immunity
6. Metabolic disorders (milk fever, grass tetany, pica)
• FEEDING OF HIGH YIELDING ANIMALS
 MANAGEMENT OF LACTATING ANIMALS

FEEDING
-----PHASE FEEDING

1. STAGE OF LACTATION
2. VOLUNTARY FOOD INTAKE
TABLE 1 Crude protein (CP), Rumen degradable
protein (RDP) and undergradable protein (UDP) /
bypass protein content of feeds and fodders

Feedstuffs CP RDP UDP

(bypass protein)
-- gram per kg dry matter--
Concentrates
Bajra 120 38 82
Barley 100 79 21
Brewers grains 260 122 138
Coconut cake (solvent extracted) 270 62 208
Conconut cake (expeller) 240 173 67
Corn gluten meal (60% CP) 600 126 474
Corn gluten meal (40% CP) 400 148 252
Cotton seed 170 78 92
 Feedstuffs CP RDP UDP
(bypass protein)
-- gram per Kg dry matter--
Coconut seed cake 350 179 171
Coconut seed cake 360 137 223
(solvent extracted)
Distillers dried grain 290 133 157
Gingelly / sesame / til cake 350 266 84
Groundnut cake (expellar) 450 315 135
Groundnut cake (Formaldehyde 450 194 256
treated 1g/100g CP)
Groundnut cake (Heat treated 130º C 450 194 256
3 Hrs)
Groundnut cake (Heat treated 130º C 450 234 216
2 Hrs)
Groundnut cake (Deoiled / solvent 480 408 72
extracted)
Horse gram 240 137 103
 Feedstuffs CP RDP UDP
(bypass
protein)
--gram per Kg dry matter--

Jowar 100 20 80
Karanja cake 320 173 147
Kokam cake 140 17 123
Linseed cake 280 162 118
Mahua seed cake 185 105 80
Maize bran 160 59 101
Maize grain 90 27 67
Mustard cake 350 263 87
Neem seed kernel cake 386 217 169
Niger cake 330 244 86
Oats 100 84 16
Rice bran 140 91 49
Rice bran extraction 160 64 96
 Feedstuffs CP RDP UDP
(Bypass protein)
-- gram per kg dry matter --
Rice broken 110 35 75
Rice polish 120 61 59
Rubber seed cake 280 202 78
Safflower cake 220 141 79
Salseed meal 90 27 63
Silk cotton seed cake 370 289 81
Soyabean meal extractions 460 276 184
Sunflower meal 300 165 135
Alfalfa, dehydrated 200 80 120
 MEETING THE ENERGY REQUIREMENT DURING EARLY LACTATION

1. Increasing the proportion of concentrates

Maximum 75% of DM required.
Inadequate fibre cause
------rumen acidosis
------milk fat depression
2. Increasing the total food intake
-----Feeding frequency
-----Cleaned managers
-----Probiotics
-----Molasses
-----Bypass Fat
LIMITATIONS OF FATS IN RUMINANT RATION

Forms a physical coating over the feed particles in the rumen

Reduces the fiber digestibility,
Lower digestible energy,
Reduced milk yield,
Formation of saturated fatty acids.
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF BYPASS FATS
Encapsulated fat
(Emulsified with protein, treated with formalin and dried)
Hydrogenated fats
(Remains in solid state at rumen temperature and are
insoluble but digested in small intestine).
Calcium salts of fatty acids (Calcium soap)
(Fatty acids joined to calcium ions to form salts. Insoluble
in ruminal fluid, dissociates into calcium and fatty acids in
abomasum)
Dry fats, easy to store, mix and transport
 IMPORTANCE OF BYPASS FATS

Reduces negative effects of fat Supplementation

Inert in the rumen

Does not affect rumen micro flora and fibre digestion

Enzymetically digested in abomasum and small intestine

Delivers large doses of energy to support high milk productio n.

 Feeding during mid and late lactation

Increased feed intake and reduced milk yield

Energy through forages
Reduced concentrates
Less grains in concentrate
 Dry Period feeding

ØEffect on subsequent lactation

ØBuilding up energy reserve
ØGood body condition during calving
ØMore milk in early lactation
ØLess body weight loss in early lactation
ØBetter conception rate
 Traditional system of feeding
• Grazing/ grass / dry fodder feeding
• Feeding of concentrate ingredients (bran, oil
cakes, hulls etc)
• Branded concentrate mixture (pellet / mash)
• Low synchronization in nutrient supply for
rumen fermentation
• Lower productivity
 HOW TO SUPPLEMENT

•THROUGH MINERAL MIXTURE

•THORUGH SALT LICKS

•REGION SPECIFIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS

•NATURAL RICH SOURCES

•CHELATED ORGANIC-MINERAL COMPLEXES

IMPORTANT DISEASES OF
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
Diseases of cattle
 Bloat

• Causes
• Lush, young pastures and leaves containing high concentration
of soluble protein and dominated legume plants particularly
alfalfa, red and white clovers and occurs with grazing of young
green cereal crops, rape, turnips and legume vegetable crops.
• Feeding of high quality hay.
• Feeding of high grain diet.
• Feeding of the finely ground feed.
• Physical obstruction to eructation occurs in esophageal
obstruction caused by a foreign body, pressure outside the
esophagus and obstruction of cardia
 Clinical symptoms
• Obvious distention of the rumen and entire
abdomen.
• Discomfort with the animal may stand and lying
down frequently, kicking at its abdomen and rolling.
• Sudden death with distended abdomen.
• Dyspnea and grunting accompanied by mouth
breathing
• Protrusion of the tongue and extension of the head.
 Suggested first aid
• The passage of a stomach tube or trocarization to
release large quantities of gas.
• An incision of about 10-20 cm in length over the left
paralumbar fossa through the skin, abdominal
musculature and directly into the rumen.
• A stick is tied in the mouth like a bit to promote the
production of excessive saliva.
• Administration of antifoaming agents such as
vegetable oils (peanut, corn, soybean) and mineral oils
(paraffin) at doses of 80-250 ml.
 Control and prevention
• The pasture should be free from leguminous fodders and bloat producing plants.
• Feeding hay before turning cattle on pasture.
• Maintaining grass dominance in the sward or using strip grazing to restrict intake.
• Allowing animals on well grown mature pastures than immature or rapidly
growing pastures.
• Grass- legume mixture with a legume content of 50% is suggested as the
maximum bloat safe level.
• Prevention of high energy and high protein supplement.
• Drenching of 60-120 ml of antifoaming agents twice daily (at milking times).
• Feedlot rations should contain at least 10-15% cut or chopped roughage mixed
into the complete feed. Preferably the roughage should be a cereal, grain straw,
grass hay.
• Grains should be rolled or cracked, not finely ground.
• Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided.
 Enteritis

• Causes
• The enteropathogens like bacteria, viruses,
fungi, protozoa and helminths, chemical and
toxins.
 Clinical symptoms
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration, abdominal pain, septicemia and
toxemia with fever.
• Feces are soft or fluid in consistency and
unpleasant odor.
• Contain blood, mucus/ foreign materials like sand.
• Color of feces is pale yellow and sometimes frank
blood.
• Distribution of the feces on animal’s perineum.
 Control
• Reduce infection pressure
• Ensure adequate non specific resistance by
adequate colostrum intake
• Vaccinate for those diseases for which there is
an effective vaccine
• Minimize Managemental and environmental
stressors.
 Thelitis

• This condition is inflammation of teat due to entry of

pathogens into teat.
• It most commonly occurs in milch animals.
• It is due to unhygienic measures and environment.
• This causes no change in colour and consistency of
milk.
• Untreated teat results in complete destruction of teat.
 Clinical symptoms
• Affected teat initially shows reddening and
swelling of teat.
• Infection progress leads to inflammation of
teat.
• Decreased milk production.
• Severe infection leads to destruction of
affected teat.
 Prevention and control
• The animal’s environment should be clean and hygienic.
• The floor of the milch animal should be periodically
cleaned with antiseptic solution.
• The milker’s hand should be clean before each milking.
• The dipping of teat after each milking may be effective in
preventing entry of pathogens into teat.
• Affected animals should be given with earlier treatment
to avoid destruction of teat.
• Affected animal’s teat should be treated with qualified
veterinary doctor.
 Abortion

• This is expulsion of dead or live recognizable

size fetus prior to expected date of calving and
this may be due to various causes.
 Causes
• infectious conditions such as Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis (IBRT), Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Mycotic abortion,
Actinomyces, Trichomoniasis, Campylobacteriosis, Listeriosis, Chlamydiosis,
and Epizootic Bovine Abortion may cause abortion in cattle.
• Severe trauma, severe torsion of the uterus and twinning may cause abortion.
• Toxins can cause abortion in cows.
• Coumarins from rat poison and moldy sweet clover can cause abortion.
• Nitrates, chlorinated napthalenes, arsenics can cause abortion.
• Locoweeds, perennial broom weed and pine needles can cause abortion.
• Estrogenic compounds may cause abortion.
• Douching and infusion or Artificial insemination of the pregnant animals causes
abortion.
• Vitamin A, iodine and selenium deficiencies can cause abortion.
 Clinical signs
• Expulsion of water bag or severe mucus
discharges from vulva in gestation period.
• Anorexia, dull and depressed condition of
animal.
• Spontaneous expulsion of recognizable size
fetus.
 Prevention and control measures
• Proper disposal of the aborted fetus and its membranes.
• Prevention of contamination from infected materials (uterine
discharges, fetal membranes)
• Always the animal shed should be clean.
• For Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Infectious Pustular
Vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV) pregnant cows at any stage of
gestation should not be vaccinated with IBR-IPV vaccine.
Vaccination can be carried out in heifers at 6-8 months of
age.
• To prevent abortion due to listeriosis, feeding of poor quality
silage with high pH should be prevented.
• To prevent abortion due to brucellosis, vaccination of
calves from 3 to 7 months of age with strain 19 brucella
vaccine and bull calves should not be vaccinated.
• Breeding should be stopped during disease outbreak.
• Contact between animals should be kept at a minimum
during outbreak.
• Diseased bulls should not be used for breeding.
• The semen which is used for Artificial Insemination
should be free from any infectious agents.
• Pregnant animals should be protected from other
animals attack.
• Pregnant animal sheds should not be slippery
 Foot and Mouth Disease

• About this disease

• This is a highly infectious viral disease of farm
animals.
• This disease mostly manifests the lesions in the
mouth, feet and mammary gland.
• Milk yield drops dramatically in milking animals,
suckling calf usually die and pregnant animals
may abort and infertility may ensure following
abortion.
• Causes
• It is caused by a virus Apthous of the family
Picornaviridae.
• Mode of Transmission
• Generally by direct or indirect contacts between
susceptible and infected animals.
• Through movement of clinically affected animals.
• Through inanimate vectors such as vehicles, fodders,
utensils, equipments etc.,
• Through air. Infected animals have a large amount of
aerosol virus in their exhaled air, which can infect other
animals via the respiratory or oral routes. The virus can
travel up to 60 km overland and 300 km by sea.
• All secretions and excretions from the infected animal such as
saliva, faeces and urine. The virus may be present in milk and
semen for up to 4 days before clinical signs appear.
• The disease has been transmitted to calves via infected milk.
• This virus can survive in dry fecal material for 14 days in
summer, in slurry up to 6 months in winter, in urine for 39 days
and on the soil between 3 (summer) and 28 days (winter).
• By consumption of infected meat and meat by-products,
unprocessed and uncooked milk.
• Through animal handlers, visitors and physicians.
• Most of the animals remain as a carrier following recovery after
infection. Carrier may transfer the virus from one animal to
another. Carrier cattle may harbor the virus in the esophageal-
pharyngeal fluid for 6-24 months.
• Symptoms
• High fever up to 104-106˙F (41˙C) and
anorexia.
• Profuse salivation (saliva hanging in long ropy
strings up to the ground).
• Animal stamps its feet and wounds in the
inter-digital space of legs followed by
lameness.
• Oral ulcers and lesions.
• Smacking of lips.
• Vesicles in the mammary gland.
Disease Symptoms in the Mouth
 Disease Symptoms in the Foot

A downer cow which continues to remain down for more than 7 days ends
fatally
 Preventive measures
• We should provide most comfortable bedding prior to calving
and in advanced stage of pregnancy. Sand is the ideal bedding
material.
• Early detection and treatment of milk fever.
• Recently calved animals should be monitored at least 48 hours
after parturition for the occurrence of milk fever signs.
• Recumbent animals should be treated as soon as possible and
not delayed for more than 1 hour.
• Cow should not be mated with a heavy bull. The weight of the
bull should be within the weight bearing capacity of the cow.
Otherwise there is risk of paralysis and fracture of hip bones.
• The cow should be bred with a bull as per its size as a big calf
in a small cow will invite dystocia problem leading to calving
paralysis.
• Cow should not be made over fatty through too much feeding
during advance pregnancy.
• Cow should be made to stand within a short time following
parturition.
• Parenteral Vitamin D3 should be given in milk fever prone cow
during pregnant period.
• Low calcium and high phosphorus diet should be given to
stimulate parathyroid gland and thus to avoid hypocalcaemia.
• If possible cow of a dairy farm should be brought under
metabolic profile test to pinpoint the deficit and to make
good use of it.
 Control measures
• Recumbent animals should be treated as soon as possible
and not delayed for more than 1 hour.
• Provision of comfortable bedding materials for recumbent
animals. Arrangement of soft bed should be made.
• Attempt should be made to roll the cow from side to side
to minimize the extent of ischemic necrosis.
• Lift the cow and frequent turning should be made. Cow
should be turned at least at 3 hours interval.
• Attempt should be made to lift the cow on its fore legs by
using body slings.
• Hip lifters may be used for lift the downer animals.
• With the help of body slings, the animals should
be allowed to stand for 20-30 minutes and then
lowered down. This should be repeated several
times a day.
• Animal’s both fore and hind limbs should be
massaged two times per day.
• Downer animals should be milked normally and
the udder kept clean by washing with germicide
soap before milking and post milking teat dips
should be applied.
• Re-placement therapy with Calcium,
Phosphorus, magnesium, Glucose containing
preparations can be used parentally by
qualified veterinarian.
• Infective causes should be brought under
antibiotic coverage.
• Physiotherapy by adopting muscle massage
may be made to restore muscle activity of the
limbs
 Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM)

• Primary symptoms
• Hanging of fetal membranes from the vulva
• About this condition
• This is one of the most common conditions occurring in
animals following parturition.
• This is failure of the villi of the fetal cotyledon to detach
from the maternal crypts of the caruncles and retained
longer than normal time limits.
• If the placenta is retained longer than 8-12 hours the
condition is considered as pathological.
 Causes
• Infections of uterus during gestation may be a cause for
retained placental membranes.
• Uterine inertia due to hormonal imbalance such as low level
of oxytocin.
• Deficiency of Vitamin A and iodine causes retained placenta.
• The hormone progesterone and excess of cortisol in late
gestation may cause the retention of fetal membranes.
• The disease conditions causing uterine inertia or atony results
in a higher incidence of retention of foetal membranes.
• Close confinement and lack of exercise highly prone to
retained placenta.
 Clinical signs
• A portion of the fetal membranes hang from the
vulva 12 hours or more even after the expulsion
of the foetus.
• Anorexia and depression may develop.
• A fetid odour develops since the placenta begins
to macerate after 24 hours of foetal expulsion.
• Treatment
• It should be handled with qualified veterinary doctor by manual
removal.
• Before arriving veterinarian, the hanging foetal membranes should
be protect from dogs or other animals.
• The protruding membranes should be tied in a knot to prevent
them touching the hocks.
• Manual removal can be attempted in 24- 48 hours after parturition.
• Manual removal after 48 hours is not advisable because cervix was
closed.
• Manual removal of placenta is contraindicated in cows with
elevated temperature and also with vaginitis and vulvitis.
• After removing the fetal membranes, tetanus toxoid injection is
recommended to prevent tetanus infection.
 Total uterine Prolapse

• Primary symptom
• A mild protrusion of the vaginal mucous
membrane through the vulval lips.
• Secondary symptom
• The prolapsed mass hanging upto the hock
joint.
• About this condition
• This is expulsion of uterine mass through the
vagina.
• It is a common complication of third stage of
labour.
• It is more common in pluriparous than
primiparous animals.
• This condition is most commonly seen in cow
than other animals.
 Causes
• The flaccid atonic uterus.
• Violent or strong tenesmus during or after
parturition.
• Retention of placenta at the ovarian pole of the
uterine horn.
• Excessive relaxation of the pelvic and perineal region.
• Commonly seen in confined or stabled cattle
especially during winter months.
• Forced extraction of the fetus.
• Over distension of the abdomen or excessive
amounts of loose pelvic fat favour the condition
by increasing the intra-pelvic pressure.
• Due to intra abdominal pressure.
• Delayed contraction of the uterus.
• Poorly grown, thin debilitated heifers and low
plan of nutrition.
• During last 2-3 months of gestation, when large
amounts of oestrogenic hormone being secreted
by the placenta known as hyper estrogenism.
 Symptoms
• A mild protrusion of the vaginal mucous
membrane through the vulval lips when
the animal lies down.
• In standing posture, the prolapsed mass hanging
upto the hock joint.
• The fetal membranes and /or mucus membrane
of the uterus is exposed.
• The mass is usually covered with feces, straw, dirt
or blood clots.
• Uterus is enlarged and edematous especially
in delayed cases (4-6 hrs).
• The cervix is usually present at the vulva.
• The non gravid horn is held inside the
peritoneal surfaces of the prolapsed gravid
horn and does not evert.
• Stress, restlessness, pain, anxiety, increased
respiratory rate may be noticed
• Internal hemorrhage due to rupture of one of
the uterine vessels, shock, incarceration of the
intestinal mass and death.
• Pale mucus membrane, expiratory grunt and
prostration with severe depression and
inability to rise indicated serious
complications.
 Suggested first aid
• The prolapsed animal should be separated from other
animals.
• The mass should be protected from contamination
from out sources.
• The mass should be covered with wet clean clothes
until treatment.
• It needs careful insertion of protruded uterine mass
into the body and suturing the in the vulval lips so this
condition should be handled with qualified veterinary
doctor.
 Vaccination schedule for dairy cattle

S.No  Age  Vaccine 

1 •Fourth month
•2-4 weeks later
•Three times a year (In high
diseased areas) or Twice a
year
Foot and mouth disease
(FMD) vaccine- 1st dose
FMD - Second dose
FMD - Booster

2 Six months Anthrax vaccine

Black quarter (BQ) vaccine

3 After Six months Haemorrhagic septicaemia

(H.S) vaccine

4 Yearly Once BQ, H.S and Anthrax

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
PIG DISEASES
 Prevention

• All pigs should be vaccinated against

swine fever at the age of 2-4 weeks.
• Breeding pigs should be tested for
brucellosis and leptospirosis.
• As a routine measure all young pigs at
the time of weaning should be
inoculated against swine fever.
 Control
• Animals purchased for the farm should be
purchased from disease free herds.
• Newly purchased animals should be isolated from
the other animals in the farm for a period of three
to four weeks.
• No visitor allowed visiting the farm.
• Those stys or pig houses cleared of the animals are
kept empty for three to four weeks for destruction
of microorganisms causing the disease.
Diseases of sheep and goat
 Blue tongue (BT)

• Causes
• It is caused by Arthropod-borne orbi virus in the family of Reoviridae.
• Biting insect of the genus of the Culicoides transmits the virus during the
rainy season while blood sucking.
• Mosquitoes and other ectoparasites like sheep ked, Melophagus
ovinus may transmit the disease mechanically.
• The disease is more prevalent in late summer and early autumn which
makes conducive environment for the multiplication of the vectors.
• Transmission through semen and placental route is possible.
• The virus is resistant to decomposition, desiccation and against antiseptic
agents.
 Clinical symptoms
• Fever
• Depressed attitude and off feed.
• Reddening and swelling of nose and oral
mucosa,
• Profuse nasal and oral discharge,
• Inflammation and ulceration of lips, gums,
buccal mucosa and tongue,
• Cyanotic (bluish) appearance of tongue,
• Tilting of neck towards one side (wry neck)
• Lameness, reddening and swelling of coronary
band of the limbs.
• Congestion of conjunctival mucous
membranes and matting of eyelids,
• Foul smelling diarrhoea.
• Dyspnoea, snoring and Pneumonia may be
observed.
• Death due to respiratory failure.
 Suggested first aid
• Separation of sick animals should be made.
• Affected animals should be kept away from solar
exposure.
• Adequate rest to the affected animal.
• Affected animals should be fed with porridge made of
rice, ragi and kambu.
• Apply glycerin or animal fat on the ulcers.
• Immediate consultation should be made to the nearest
qualified veterinary
• doctor for treatment.
• Animals should not be allowed for grazing.
• Ulcers in the mouth can be treated with saline water or
dissolve 1g of
• Potassium permanganate in 1 liter of water and wash
the mouth 2 to 3 times a
• day with this solution.
• Contact your nearest Veterinary Assistant Surgeons for
further advice regarding the antibiotic administration
or symptomatic treatment to be given to the affected
sheep.
• Contact nearest Veterinary Assistant Surgeons for ring
vaccination in the event of outbreak of disease.
• General prevention and control
measuresProper Vaccination of animals with
regular intervals.
• Vaccination schedule:
First vaccination at Next vaccination at

3 months age Once in a year

• Attempt should be made to control the vector
(culicoides) population with fly repellants.
• Use of ectoparasiticides injections should be
suggested in the areas more prone to vector
population.
• Grazing of the animals should be avoided in
areas where there is lot of vectors.
• Cattle may act as carrier. Viraemic stage
remains in them for more than 5 weeks. So
movements of cattle should be restricted.
 Peste-des-Petits Ruminants (PPR)

• Peste des petits Ruminants (PPR) also known

as ‘Goat Plague’ is a viral disease that affects
goats and sheep which causes huge financial
loss to the animal rearers / farmers and
economic loss to the country.
 Causes
• The disease is caused by Moribillivirus of Paramyxoviridae
family.
• Natural transmission occurs primarily through direct
contact with infected sheep and goat.
• Transmission may take place through contaminated food,
water, beddings and other appliances.
• Secretions and excretions are rich source of virus and
spread of the disease take place through their
contamination. Faeces are the main spreading agent and
through it the disease may occur in epidemic proportion.
• There is no carrier state in animals; the spread of
the disease is possible through animals with
subclinical infection.
• Ingestion of infected material is the main way of
transmission but it may also take place through
inhalation and contact with ocular secretions.
• The disease is not transmitted through insect
vectors.
• Wild ruminants have been suspected to play a role
in the spreading of this disease.
• The disease may spread in a flock through
introduction of newly purchased sick animal from
market.
 Clinical symptoms
• High rise of temperature (104 to 105oF).
• The animal will show dull coat, dry muzzle and
inappetance.
• There will be profuse serous nasal discharge
accompanied by sneezing and coughing.
• The discharge may be crust like, hard and matt the
nasal and ocular surroundings.
• Oral necrotic lesions noticed in lips, buccal mucosae,
gums, dental palate & tongue, with malodour
(halitosis).
• Congestion of conjunctival mucous
membranes and matting of eye lids.
• Signs of pneumonia and animal may die due
to respiratory distress.
• Diarrhoeic faeces may contain mucus and
blood.
• Pregnant goat may abort.
• Most of the animals recover and death may
occur in few of them.
• Importation of animals from the areas prevailing the
disease should be avoided.
• Strict regulation is to be followed to prevent entry of
diseased animals from endemic zones.
• The spread of the disease can be controlled by the use
of insect repellents, external application of fly
repellents and spraying of butox (1ml in 1 liter of
water) in the breeding places of the insects.
• The sheep can be housed in insect proof sheds.
• Cloud of smoke with dried leaves / wood during 6 - 8
P.M. might help to keep off Culicoides from sheep
sheds.
symptoms
 Suggested first aid
• Separation of sick animals should be made.
• Adequate rest to the affected animal.
• Affected animals should be fed with porridge
made of rice, ragi and kambu.
• Apply glycerin or animal fat on the ulcers.
• Immediate consultation should be made to
the nearest qualified veterinary doctor for
antibiotic treatment.
• Animals should not be allowed for grazing.
• Ulcers in the mouth can be treated with saline water
or dissolve 1g of
• Potassium permanganate in 1 liter of water and wash
the mouth 2 to 3 times a
• day with this solution.
• Contact your nearest Veterinary Assistant Surgeons
for further advice regarding the antibiotic
administration or symptomatic treatment to be given
to the affected animals.
• Contact nearest Veterinary Assistant Surgeons for ring
vaccination in the event of outbreak of disease.
General control and prevention management

Regular and proper vaccination of animals.

• Vaccination Schedule

First vaccination at Next vaccination at

3 months of age Once in a year

• Strict sanitation and hygienic measures are to be
adopted in a flock. It is susceptible to most
disinfectants, e.g. phenol, sodium hydroxide (2%).
• Restriction should be made for introduction of
new animals in a flock especially in areas where
the disease is prevalent.
• Sick animals bought from market should not be
introduced without observation for a definite
period.
• Sick animals should be segregated and treated
with serum along with conservative management.
• Quarantine measures should be strictly attended
in imported sheep and goat before introduction.
 Sheep pox

• It is an acute to chronic viral disease of sheep and goats

characterized by generalized pox lesions throughout the
skin and mucous membranes.
• All breeds of sheep and goats irrespective of age and sex
are affected.
• It is possible to infect goats with sheep pox virus and
sheep with goat pox virus.
• Sheep are naturally susceptible to sheep pox. Younger
sheep are more susceptible over old ones.
• Disease occurrence period is April- June.
 Causes
• It is caused by a member of the genus Capri pox virus, pox 
viridae family.
• Cutaneous lesions (crust, nodules) resulting in aerosols, saliva,
faeces, nasal secretions from sick animals for 1-2 months and
dried scabs at ambient temperature may be the source for
spread of virus.
• The usual mode of transmission is from direct contact with the
infected animal.
• Indirect transmission by contaminated litter, fodder, water and
attendants may spread the virus through mechanical ways.
• The virus may gain entrance through wound and abrasions.
• The virus may present in skin papules. While the
affected animals rub their body on other animals, the
virus is passed directly to susceptible animals.
• The biting insects (mechanical vectors) may inoculate
the virus intradermally or subcutaneously.
• Aerosol or droplet infection is quite possible.
• Dog, cat etc. may mechanically transport the virus to
other places.
• The virus may pass from infected mother to the foetus
through placenta.
 Clinical symptoms
• Skin papules appear in 2-5 days following temperature
and first appear on the hairless parts of the skin.
• Soon after development of papules rhinitis,
conjunctivitis may be observed.
• Papules like pock lesions appear in all the parts of the
body, e.g., lips, cheeks, snout, nostril, face, ear, feet,
thigh, abdomen, eye lid, neck, teat and udder.
• The eyelids are swollen and they may completely
cover the eye ball.
• Mucopurulent discharges from eyes and nose.
• Animals become weak, disoriented and
eventually unable to stand.
• The mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, lips,
vulva and prepuce become necrotic.
• Animals die due to the development of labored
breathing as a result of broncho-pneumonia.
• Animals that survive develop scab and shed over
a period of 3-6 weeks, leaving a raw granulating
area.
 Suggested first aid
• Isolation of infected herds and sick animals for at least
45 days after recovery.
• Use of disinfectants like ether (20%), chloroform and
formalin (1%), phenol (2%) to prevent the transmission
of disease.
• Strict sanitary measures are to be adopted.
• Contact nearest Veterinary Assistant Surgeon for
further treatment.
General control and preventive measures

• Regular vaccination of animals.

• Vaccine availability: IVPM, Ranipet, Vellore
District, Tamilnadu - Sheep pox vaccine –
Sheep thyroid attenuated live tissue culture
vaccine - Available in 50 ml and 100 ml vials @
60 paise per dose should be administered sub-
cutaneously with the following vaccination
schedule,
• Recommended vaccination schedule:

First vaccination Next vaccination Month of Dose

at at vaccination

3months of age Yearly once Feb-March Adult - 5 ml S/c

Kids - 2.5 ml S/c
• Isolation of infected herds and sick animals for
at least 45 days after recovery.
• Quarantine before introduction into herds.
• Use of disinfectants like ether (20%),
chloroform and formalin (1%), phenol (2%) to
prevent the transmission of disease.
• Animal traffic from the infected areas is to be
prevented.
• Proper disposal of cadavers and products.
• Strict sanitary measures are to be adopted.
 Tetanus

• It is a non-contagious, infectious disease of

mammals caused by bacterial toxin
characterized by spasmodic contraction of
skeletal muscles.
• Sheep and goat are more susceptible than
cattle.
 Causes
• The disease is caused by bacteria known as Clostridium 
tetani which is remain in the intestine of the herbivorous
animals as normal habitat.
• The organism can be grown under strict anaerobic
condition.
• The spores are very much resistant and can persist in the
soil even for years. The spores can be destroyed by boiling
at 115˙C for 30 to 60 minutes.
• Vegetative forms can be destroyed by heat and
disinfectants but spores are highly resistant to many
physical, chemical agents and common disinfectants.
• Cl. Tetani spores require anaerobic conditions at the
wound site for germination and liberate potent toxins.
• Spores may continue to persist as dormant manner in
tissues for many months until favourable conditions
develop for their germination.
• The organisms are very much resistant and therefore
remain in the environment especially in the street
dust, garden soil and animal manured soil in large
number for a considerable period.
• Organisms may continue to live in the faeces for a
long period of time and thus remain as a potential
source of infection to man and animals.
• The organisms gain entrance through deep punctured wound
contaminated with bacterial spores. Trauma and damage of
the tissues caused by injection, dog bites, vaccination or
chemical agents such as calcium salt, lactic acid or by infection
with other bacteria may help in the initiation of the disease
process.
• Organisms may gain access during parturition and manual
handling of the genitalia with contaminants, retention of
placenta and prolapse, castration by open method, shearing,
docking and vaccination may augment the transmission if, not
attended properly.
• Deep wound in the feet during grazing, ploughing or
transport, wound of oral mucosa, dental caries, wound due to
surgical interference, wounds by a penetrating object e.g. nail
etc. and contaminated by dirt may influence the disease
transmission.
 Clinical symptoms
• Stiff gait and apathy to feed is the initial sign of the
disease.
• The initial signs consist of restricted movement,
muscular stiffness and difficulty in walk, lack of
coordination, unusual walking.
• Stiffness of muscles of the limbs with extended back
and neck arched, reporting sudden death.
• Stiff gait spasm of mouth muscles results mouth
become held tight, difficult to separate the jaws, ”lock-
jaw” condition.
• Prolapse of the third eye lid, head drawn on one side or back
ward, pump handle position of the tail, erection of the ears,
immobility of the ears and characteristic “saw horse stance”
are the features.
• The rigidity of the facial muscles gives an anxious expression.
• There is restriction of mastication and dribbling of saliva
from the mouth.
• Suppression of rumination and bloat are the important
attributes.
• Animal remains hypersensitive and over reaction to sudden
noise or physical contact and reflex irritability is noted from
the start of symptom.
• Death usually occurs in 3-4 days.
 General control and preventive measures

• Proper vaccination at day old should be used. Giving two

doses of vaccine at least four weeks apart. An annual booster
dose is recommended.
• Tetanus toxoid vaccines at the times of exposure of body
tissues to environment prevent the disease occurrence.
• Providing passive immunity to the lambs by giving ewes a
booster vaccination, a few weeks before lambing commences.
• Care of any local wound and make sure the wound is not
contaminated by dirt.
• Cleanliness and proper hygienic measures are to be adopted
at the time of parturition and following parturition.
• The animal should not be allowed to graze near barbed wire
fencing.
• Yards should be watered to decrease dust.
• Open method of castration should be discouraged in the
village level.
• Proper care should be taken to handle the retention of
placenta and prolapsed cases.
• Sterile surgical instruments are to be used at the time of
operation.
• Wound should be drained with deep incision. The animal
should be kept away from metallic and sharp objects.
• Hygiene is essential while undertaking any husbandry or
surgical procedure.
• All out precautions should be taken during castration.
 Prevention of infection and infestation

• Feed should be placed in troughs that cannot be

contaminated by faeces.
• Waterers and feed troughs should be kept clean and free
of contaminants.
• Good grazing management to control pasture or
grassland borne helminthic infections.
• Use of clean or safe pastures (not grazed for 6 to 12
months) will help to control helminths problems.
• Rotational grazing of livestock species should be
followed to minimize or limit the infection from pasture.
• All new arrivals to the farm should be isolated
for at least 30 days and dewormed.
• Young animals should be housed separately
from adult animals to prevent disease spread.
• Infected/Infested animals should be removed
from the flock or herd and housed separately.
• Treatment should be followed
by chemoprophylaxis to prevent reinfection.
• Vaccines may be used to prevent infection, if
suitable vaccines are available.
 Vaccination schedule for sheep and goat
Sl.No Disease Vaccine
1. Tetanus Within 48 hrs after birth
2. FMD 2nd month of age repeated
once in 6 months.
3. Sheep and goat pox 6 months of age repeated
annually, vaccination in
endemic area.
4. Anthrax 6 months of age repeated
annually, vaccination in
endemic area.
5. Enterotoxaemia 6 months of age repeated
annually, vaccination should
be completed before onset
of monsoon.
6. PPR 6 months of age repeated
annually, vaccination in
endemic area.
7. Blue tongue 6 months of age, repeated
annually.
 How to control and reduce the infection as soon as
outbreak occurs

• Segregate sick animals.

• Stop all animals, animal products, vehicles and
persons coming into and out of the farm.
• Call a veterinarian for advice, adopt
containment vaccination.
• Avoid grazing in a common place.
• Ban all visitors to the farm.
• Provide foot dips containing disinfectants at
the entry of the farm and gear up sanitation
and hygiene.