Unit I - Force Analysis (9) : Systems and Tribology Concept

ME 5518 - MACHINE DYNAMICS – II
OBJECTIVE : To study force analysis, balancing of rotating masses, free and forces vibration of mechanical
systems and tribology concept.
UNIT I – FORCE ANALYSIS (9)
Inertia force and Inertia torque – D’Alemberts principle – The principle of Superposition – Dynamic Analysis in
Reciprocating Engines – Gas Forces – Equivalent masses – Bearing loads – Crank shaft Torque – Turning moment Diagrams
– Fly wheels – Engine shaking.
UNIT II – STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE (9)
Static and Dynamic Balancing – Balancing of Rotating Masses – Balancing a Single Cylinder Engine – Balancing Multi–
Cylinder Engines – Partial Balancing in Locomotive Engines – Balancing Linkages – Balancing Machines
UNIT III – FREE VIBRATION (9)
Basic Features of Vibratory Systems – Idealized Models – Basic Elements and Lumping of Parameters – Degrees of freedom
– Single degree of freedom – Free vibration – Equations of motion – Natural Frequency – Types of Damping – Damped
vibration Critical Speeds of Simple Shaft – Torsional systems; Natural frequency of two and three Rotor Systems.
UNIT IV – FORCED VIBRATION (9)
Response to Periodic Forcing – Harmonic Forcing – Forcing caused by Unbalance – Support Motion – Force
Transmissibility and Amplitude Transmissibility – Vibration Isolation.
UNIT V – INTRODUCTION TO TRIBOLOGY (9)
Dry Friction – Topography of Surfaces – Contact between Surfaces – Sliding Friction – Energy Dissipation – Theory of
Molecular Attraction – Fretting Corrosion and Prevention – Variables in Dry Friction – Present Concept of Friction –
Boundary Friction – Oiliness – Variables of Boundary Friction – Friction Characteristics of Metals and Non–Metal – Rolling
Friction – Sources of Measurement of Friction.
Theory of Lubrication, Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Bearings – Frictional Loss, Power in Bearings.
THEORY 45
EXPERIMENTAL WORK 45
TOTAL 90
REFERENCES
1. Rattan S.S., "Theory of Machines", Tata McGraw–Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.
2. R.S.Khurmi., "Theory of Machines", S.Chand., New Delhi, 1994.
3. Sadhu Singh “Theory of Machines” Pearson Education, 2002.
4. Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", CBS Publishers and Distributors, 1984.
5. Ghosh A. and Mallick A.K., "Theory of Mechanisms and Machines", Affiliated East–West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
1988.
6. Shigley J.E. and Uicker J.J., "Theory of Machines and Mechanisms", McGraw–Hill, Inc., 1995.
7. Rao J.S. and Dukkipati R.V., "Mechanism and Machine Theory ", Wiley–Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1992.
8. John Hannah and Stephens R.C., "Mechanics of Machines", Viva low–Priced Student Edition, 1999.
ME7512 - MACHINE DYNAMICS – II
UNIT I – FORCE ANALYSIS (9)

Inertia force and Inertia torque –
D’Alemberts principle – The principle of Superposition – Dynamic
Analysis in Reciprocating Engines – Gas Forces – Equivalent masses –
Bearing loads – Crank shaft Torque – Turning moment Diagrams – Fly
wheels – Engine shaking.
DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
• To know the purpose for which the m/c is needed.
• To develop concept design.
• To analyze the motion involved
- Kinematics
• To calculate & analyze the forces and torques
required for producing the motion
- Kinetics
• To give physical shape to the components.
- Machine Design
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS IN MACHINES
• To evaluate the forces acting on the machine

members at a particular configuration.
• Each configuration is considered as system of rigid

bodies in static equilibrium under the action of
external forces.
• Helps in finding load carried by each part of the

machine during cycle of its operation
TYPES OF FORCES
• Applied forces :
Gas, hydraulic & pneumatic forces etc..
Electrical, magnetic & gravity forces
• Constraint forces :
Reaction forces.
• Friction forces.
• Inertia forces.
Due to mass of accelerating parts
Condition for static equilibrium
F1
F2
• ∑ Fi =0
M/c part
CG
F5
• ∑ Mi = 0
F4 F3
EQUATIONS FOR STATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
Fi = 0
M i= 0
EQUILIBRIUM OF TWO FORCE AND THREE
FORCE MEMBERS
Two force member in equilibrium
F2
F1
THREE FORCE MEMBER IN EQUILIBRIUM
F1
F2 F1
F2
O O
F3
F3
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS IN SLIDER-CRANK MACHANISM
3 2
4 FBDof
P O2 Link 2
B 1 C12
F32 2
F34
F12
4
P
F34 F23
F14 FBDof
Link 3 A
F14 P
3
FBDof
Link 4 B
F43
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS IN 4-BAR MECHANISM
F34 O
3 B
A
C F14
4 4
2 P
P P F14
F34
O2 O4
F43
3
F32 h
C12 F23
F12
O2
C12 = F32 X h
ME5518 - MACHINE DYNAMICS – II
DYNAMIC FORCE ANALYSIS
 When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the
analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Let, IG – M.O.I.about an axis passing through centre of mass and
Perpendicular to plane of rotation of the body.
α – angular acceleration of the body.
Principle of Superposition
 Principle of superposition can be used to solve

problems involving linear systems by considering
each of the inputs to the system separately. And then,
combine the individual results to obtain the total
response of the system.
Dynamic Analysis of slider-Crank Mechanism
Velocity and Acceleration of Piston
 “OA” rotates in clockwise direction
 l-length of Connecting rod
 r- Crank radius
 ϴ - angle
 I.D.C – Inner Dead Centre
 O.D.C. – Outer Dead Centre
 X- Displacement of piston form I.D.C.
To find displacement “x”
x = B1B
= BO – B1O
= BO – (B1A1 + A1O)
= (l + r) – (l cos Ф + r cos ϴ)
= r [( n = l/r
= r [(n+1) – (n cosФ + cosϴ)] -------------- 1
Note: Note:
A1O = r Cos ϴ
B1A1 = l Cos Ф
r
l
Change Ф ↔ ϴ
cos2 Ф + sin2 Ф = 1 Note:
y = common for two triangles
cos2 Ф = 1 - sin2 Ф y = l cos Ф + r cos ϴ
y = l sin Ф + r sin ϴ
cos Ф =
cos Ф =
cos Ф =
cos Ф =
cos Ф =
Now sub. In displacement equation 1
x = r [(n+1) – (n cosФ + cosϴ)]
= r [(n+1) – (n x + cosϴ)]
= r [(n+1) – ( + cosϴ)]
x = r [(1 - cosϴ) + (n – ( )]-------- 2
x = r (1 - cosϴ) This expression is called as SHM.

Note:
1. Connecting rod is very large as compared to
crank ‘r’
2. n2 will be large
3. Maximum value of is unity
4. or n
Velocity of piston
X2 = 2x
v= D(sin2ϴ) =
= r [(1-cos ) + n – (n2 - ) ]
= rω [sinϴ - (
(n2 - ) - (- 2 sinϴ cosϴ)]
= rω [sinϴ -
(n2 - ) - (- sin2ϴ )]
= rω [sinϴ + ]
[OR]
= rω [sinϴ + ] ------------------- 3
Note:
1. If n2 is large compared to
= rω [sinϴ + ------------------------------------ 4
Note:
1. If can be neglected, When ‘n’ is large
v= rωsinϴ -------------------------------- 5
Acceleration of piston
a=
= rω [sinϴ + ] .
= rω [cosϴ + ] . ω
= rω2 [cosϴ + ] -------------------------- 6

Note: If n is very large
a = rω2cosϴ as in case of SHM. --------------- 7
When ϴ = 00 (ie) at IDC , a = rω2[1+]

ϴ = 1800 (ie) at ODC , a = rω2[-1+]
Direction of motion is reversed
a = rω2[1- ]
Angular velocity of connecting rod
wkt, n =
L.H.S.Triangles = R.H.S. Triangles, when y is common
lsinФ = y = rsinϴ
sinФ = y =
sinФ =
Differentiate w.r.to t
sinФ.
cosФ.ωc = ω
ωc = ω --------------------------- 8
Angular Acceleration of connecting rod
= ω.
=ω
=ω
= ωsin []
= ωsin []
= ωsin [] (or) -ωsin [] ---- 9

Note: If ‘-ve’ sign indicates angular acceleration of connecting rod in clockwise.
Ie it tends to reduce the angle of ‘Ф’
ENGINE FORCE ANALYSIS
 Weight of reciprocating masses and connecting rod

 Gas forces
 Forces due to friction
 Inertia forces due to (Acceleration & Deceleration)
This section, Neglecting the effect of weight and inertia effect

of connecting rod.
1. Piston effort (effective driving force)

2. Force along the C.R. (thrust)
3. Thrust on the sides of cylinder
4. Crank effort
5. Thrust on bearings
Piston motion from T.D.C. to B.D.C. or B.D.C. to T.D.C.
In Reciprocating Engine (Vertical Engine),

Consider piston act as a force
When piston moves from T.D.C. to B.D.C

due to gas force, acceleration
Inertia is acts opposite
(Net force of piston is decreased)
When piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C.

Deceleration, Inertia is acts opposite
i.e. parallel to the gas force
(Net force of piston is increased)
A1 – Area of the cover end
A2 – Area of the piston rod end
P1 – Pressure on the cover end
P2 – Pressure on the rod end
M – Mass of the reciprocating parts
Force on the piston due to gas pressure, Fp = p1A1 – p2A2
Inertia force, FI = ma
= m x rω2 [cosϴ + ]
Net force on the piston, F = Fp - FI
PISTON EFFORT
Force on the piston due to gas pressure, Fp = p1A1 – p2A2
= m x rω2 [cosϴ + ]
Net force on the piston, F = Fp – FI
In case, Friction also taken into account, Ff
Net force on the piston, F = Fp – FI – Ff
In case of vertical engine weight of the piston also take into

account.
Net force on the piston, F = Fp + mg – FI – Ff

Engine force Analysis
Fig: forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine

Force acting along the connecting rod.
It is denoted by FQ , form the geometry of figure, we find
Thrust on the sides of cylinder walls or Normal reaction of the

guide bars.
It is denoted by FN , form the geometry of figure, we find
Crank pin effort or thrust on the crank shaft bearings.
Turning moment or Crank shaft or torque on the crank shaft
BALANCING
• The technique of correcting or eliminating
unwanted inertia forces and moments in
rotating or reciprocating masses.
• The two equations to determine the amount
and location of the correction
ΣF=0 and ΣM=0
CCW
Assumptions F
M
• Upwards force is positive &
•Counter clockwise couple is positive. Reference plane
35
Resultant Effects of Engine
• 1. Σ F = 0 & Σ M = 0
– Complete balanced
• 2. Σ F = 0 & Σ M ≠ 0
– Unbalanced being due to a couple.
F
Ref; Plane
F
• 3. Σ F ≠ 0 & Σ M = 0
– Unbalanced being due to a single resultant force in the
reference plane.
36
Continued
F
Ref; Plane
• 4. Σ F ≠ 0 & Σ M ≠ 0
– Unbalanced being due to a single resultant force which locates at a
distance z from the reference plane and
M
z
F
F
z
Ref; Plane
37
A horizontal gas engine running at 210 rpm has a bore of 220 mm and a
stroke of 440 mm. The connecting rod is 924 mm long and the
reciprocating parts weigh 20 kg. When the crank has turned through an
angle of 30° from the inner dead center, the gas pressures on the cover
and the crank sides are 500 KN/m2and 60 KN/m2 respectively. Diameter
of the piston rod is 40 mm. Determine (i) Turning moment on the crank
shaft (ii) Thrust on the bearings (iii) Acceleration of the flywheel which
has a mass of 8 kg and radius of gyration of 600 mm while the power of
the engine is 22 KW.
A horizontal gas engine running at 210 rpm has a bore of 220 mm and a stroke of 440
mm. The connecting rod is 924 mm long and the reciprocating parts weigh 20 kg.
When the crank has turned through an angle of 30° from the inner dead center, the gas
pressures on the cover and the crank sides are 500 KN/m 2and 60 KN/m2 respectively.
Diameter of the piston rod is 40 mm. Determine (i) Turning moment on the crank shaft
(ii) Thrust on the bearings (iii) Acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8 kg
and radius of gyration of 600 mm while the power of the engine is 22 KW.
Given Data:
Speed, N = 210 rpm
Bore, r = 220 mm = 0.22m
Stroke, 2r = 440 mm = 0.44m
Length of C.R, l = 924 mm = 0.924m
Mass, M = 20 Kg
Angle of inclination, ϴ = 300
Gas Pressure, P1=500 KN/m2
P2 = 60 KN/m2
Diameter of the piston rod, r2 = 40 mm = 0.04m
To find:
(i) Turning moment on the crank shaft
(ii) Thrust on the bearings
(iii) Acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8 kg and

radius of gyration of 600 mm while the power of the engine is
22 KW.
Solution:
n=
Fp = P1A1 – P2A2 = ?
Note:
A1 = A2 =
Solution:
= m x rω2 [cos + ] = ?
Net Piston Force F = Fp – FI = ?
(i) Turning moment on the crank shaft
FT = T
(ii) Thrust on the bearings (Fr)

Solution:
(iii) Acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8 kg and
radius of gyration of 600 mm while the power of the engine is
22 KW.
Resisting Torque
P=Tx ω =T?
Accelerating Torque (Iα) = Turning Moment - Resisting torque
(OR)
Accelerating Torque (Iα) = M x x α
α = ? ( Acceleration of flywheel)
In a vertical double acting steam engine, the connecting rod is 4.5 times
the crank. Weight of the reciprocating parts is 120 kg and the stroke of
the piston is 440 mm. The engine runs at 250 rpm. If the net load on the
piston due to steam pressure is 25 KN when the crank has turned through
an angle of 120° from top dead center, determine
(i) The thrust in the connecting rod (ii) The Pressure on slide bars (iii)
The tangential force on the crank pin (iv) The thrust on the bearings (v)
The turning moment on the crank shaft.
In a vertical double acting steam engine, the connecting rod is 4.5 times the crank.
Weight of the reciprocating parts is 120 kg and the stroke of the piston is 440 mm. The
engine runs at 250 rpm. If the net load on the piston due to steam pressure is 25 KN
when the crank has turned through an angle of 120° from top dead center, determine
(i) The thrust in the connecting rod (ii) The Pressure on slide bars (iii) The tangential
force on the crank pin (iv) The thrust on the bearings (v) The turning moment on the
crank shaft.
Given Data:
n = 4.5
Mass, M = 120 Kg
Stroke, 2r = 440 mm = 0.44m
r = 220 mm = 0.22m
Speed, N = 250 rpm
Force on the piston due to steam pressure, Fp = 25 KN = 25000 N
Angle, ϴ = 1200
crank shaft.
To find:
(i) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)
(ii) The Pressure on slide bars (FN)
(iii) The tangential force on the crank pin (F T)
(iv) The thrust on the bearings (Fr)
(v) The turning moment on the crank shaft (T)

crank shaft.
Solution:
Accelerating force, FI = Mr )
Force on the Piston, F = FP + Mg – FI
=?
(i) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)
Fc =
Solution:
(ii) Pressure on slide bars (FN)
FN =
(iii) The tangential force on the crank pin (F T)
FT = Fc
(iv) The thrust on the bearings (Fr)
Fr = Fc
(v) The turning moment on the crank shaft (T)
T = FT x r = ?
The crank and the connecting rod of a vertical single cylinder gas engine
running at 1800 rpm are 60 mm and 240 mm respectively. The diameter
of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1.2 kg.
At a point during the power stroke when the piston has moved 20 mm
from the top dead center position, the pressure on the piston is 800
KN/m2. Determine (i) The net force on the piston, (ii) The thrust in the
connecting rod, (iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls & (iv) The
engine speed at which the above values are zero.
The crank and the connecting rod of a vertical single cylinder gas engine running at
1800 rpm are 60 mm and 240 mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm
and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1.2 kg. At a point during the power stroke
when the piston has moved 20 mm from the top dead center position, the pressure on
the piston is 800 KN/m2. Determine (i) The net force on the piston, (ii) The thrust in the
connecting rod, (iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls & (iv) The engine speed at
which the above values are zero.
Given Data:
Speed, N = 1800 rpm
Crank radius, r = 60mm = 0.06m
Length of CR, l = 240 mm = 0.24m
diameter of the piston, d = 80 mm = 0.08m
Mass of the reciprocating parts, M = 1.2 Kg
During power stroke when the piston has moved
Distance, x = 20 mm = 0.02m
Pressure on the piston, P = 800 KN/m2
To Find:
(i) The net force on the piston (F)
(ii) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)
(iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls (F N) &
(iv) The engine speed at which the above values are zero.
Solution:
n=
Note:
Draw the configuration for the given position to some scale and obtain angle
ϴ.
Solution:
Solution:
Force due to gas pressure,
FP = Pressure x Area
=Px
Accelerating force, FI = Mr ) = ?
(i) The net force on the piston (F)
F = FP + Mg – FI = ?
(ii) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)
Fc =
Solution:
(iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls (F N) &
FN =
(iv) The engine speed at which the above values are zero. (ω)
i.e. When the force on the piston F is zero.
F = FP + Mg – FI
0 = FP + Mg – FI
ω=?
N=?
Turning Moment Diagrams & Flywheel
 Turning moment diagram is the graphical representation of Turning
moment or Crank-effort for various positions of crank,
 It is plotted on Cartesian coordinates.
 It is also known as Crank Effort Diagram.

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR A
SINGLE CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING
STEAM ENGINE
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR A SINGLE
CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING STEAM ENGINE
 T = FT x r
 Turning moment is zero, When the crank angle is zero.
 It is maximum, when crank angle is 900 &
 It is again zero, When the crank angle is 1800
 This is shown by the curve “abc” – Outstroke
 This is shown by the curve “cde” – Instroke
 W.D. = T.M x Angle turned
 Therefore, Area of TMD is proportional to the

 In actual practice, the engine is assumed to work against the mean

resisting torque, as shown by the line “AF”
 aA or Oa =
 “aA” represents mean height of the TMD.

 When the crank angle turns form “op to oq” the W.D. by the
engine is represented by area “pBbcq”
 But W.D. against the resisting torque is representing the area

“pbcq”
 Thus engine has done more work
 It is represented by the are “Bbc”
 This excess work increases the engine speed and it is

stored in the flywheel.
FLYWHEEL
 A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which
stores energy during the period when the supply of energy
is more than the requirement, and releases it during the
period when the requirement of energy is more than the
supply.
MAXIMUM FLUCTUATION OF SPEED
 The difference between the greatest and least speed of the
engine over one stroke, it is called as maximum fluctuation
of speed.
 The ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean
speed is called as coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUMFLUCTUATION
OF ENERGY
 A turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine shown by a wavy

curve.
 The horizontal line AG represents mean torque line
 Let a1, a3, a5 areas above the mean torque line and a2, a4, a6 areas below
the mean torque line.
 These areas represents some quantity of energy which is either added or
subtracted from the energy of the moving parts of the engine.
OF ENERGY
OF ENERGY
The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is
drawn to a vertical scale of 1 mm to 6 Nm and
horizontal scale of 1 mm to 1°. The turning
moment repeats itself after every half revolution of
the engine. The areas above and the below the
mean torque line are 305, 710, 50, 350, 980 and 275
mm2. Mass of rotating parts is 40 kg at a radius of
gyration of 140 mm. Calculate the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed if the mean speed is 1500 rpm.
The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to a vertical
scale of 1 mm to 6 Nm and horizontal scale of 1 mm to 1°. The turning
moment repeats itself after every half revolution of the engine. The
areas above and the below the mean torque line are 305, 710, 50, 350,
980 and 275 mm2. Mass of rotating parts is 40 kg at a radius of gyration
of 140 mm. Calculate the coefficient of fluctuation of speed if the mean
speed is 1500 rpm.
Given Data:
Vertical scale of 1 mm to 6 Nm
Horizontal scale of 1 mm to 1°.
a1 = 305mm2
a2 = 710mm2
a3 = 50mm2
a4 = 350mm2
a5 = 980mm2
a6 = 275 mm2
Mass = 40 Kg
Radius of Gyration,
k = 140mm & mean speed, N = 1500 rpm
Maximum energy = ?
Minimum energy = ?
Maximum fluctuation of energy Δ E = Maximum energy – minimum energy = mm2
some value x
Maximum fluctuation of energy Δ E = m
Cs = ?
The torque delivered by a two stroke engine is represented by T =
(1000+300 sin 2Ɵ-500 cos2Ɵ) N-m, where Ɵ is the angle turned by
the crank from the inner-dead center. The engine speed is 250 rpm.
The mass of the flywheel is 400 kg and radius of gyration 400 mm.
Determine:
(i) The power developed
(ii) The total percentage fluctuation of speed
(iii) The angular acceleration of flywheel when the crank has rotated
through an angle of 60° from the inner dead center and
(iv) The maximum angular acceleration and retardation of the

flywheel.
1. Tmean =
= [
Tmean = 1000 N-m
2. At any instant, ΔT = T - Tmean
ΔT = 0, when = 0
OR
OR
Or 2ϴ = 590 or 2390 or ϴ = 29.50 or 119.50
ΔE=
= 583.1 N-m
At any instant, Δ E = m
= 0.01329 or 1.329 %
3. Acceleration or deceleration is produced by excess or deficit torque than the mean

value at any instant,
ΔT= When ϴ = 600
Δ T = 509.8 N-m
Iα = m
α = 7.966
4. For ΔT max or ΔT min
ΔT =
2ϴ = 149.040 and 329.040

OR
ϴ = 74.520 and 164.520
When 2ϴ = 149.040 , T = 1583.1 N-m, ΔT = 583.1 N-m
When 2ϴ = 329.040 , T = 416.9 N-m, ΔT = -583.1 N-m
As values of ΔT at maximum and minimum torque T are same, maximum

acceleration is equal to maximum retardation.
ΔT or Iα = m
α = 9.11
The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has
been drawn to a scale 1 mm = 600 N-m vertically and 1
mm = 3o horizontally. The intercepted areas between the
output torque curve and the mean resistance line, taken in
order from one end, are as follows: +52, -124, +92, -140, +85,
-72 and +107 mm2, when the engine is running at a speed of
600rpm. If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed

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ME 5518 - MACHINE DYNAMICS – II

2. R.S.Khurmi., "Theory of Machines", S.Chand., New Delhi, 1994.

3. Sadhu Singh “Theory of Machines” Pearson Education, 2002.

4. Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", CBS Publishers and Distributors, 1984.

UNIT I – FORCE ANALYSIS (9)

• To evaluate the forces acting on the machine

• Each configuration is considered as system of rigid

• Helps in finding load carried by each part of the

α – angular acceleration of the body.

 Principle of superposition can be used to solve

= r [(n+1) – (n cosФ + cosϴ)] -------------- 1

x = r [(1 - cosϴ) + (n – ( )]-------- 2

x = r (1 - cosϴ) This expression is called as SHM.

= rω2 [cosϴ + ] -------------------------- 6

a = rω2cosϴ as in case of SHM. --------------- 7

When ϴ = 00 (ie) at IDC , a = rω2[1+]

L.H.S.Triangles = R.H.S. Triangles, when y is common

= ωsin [] (or) -ωsin [] ---- 9

 Weight of reciprocating masses and connecting rod

This section, Neglecting the effect of weight and inertia effect

1. Piston effort (effective driving force)

Piston motion from T.D.C. to B.D.C. or B.D.C. to T.D.C.

In Reciprocating Engine (Vertical Engine),

When piston moves from T.D.C. to B.D.C

When piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C.

A1 – Area of the cover end

A2 – Area of the piston rod end

P1 – Pressure on the cover end

P2 – Pressure on the rod end

M – Mass of the reciprocating parts

Force on the piston due to gas pressure, Fp = p1A1 – p2A2

Net force on the piston, F = Fp – FI

In case, Friction also taken into account, Ff

Net force on the piston, F = Fp – FI – Ff

In case of vertical engine weight of the piston also take into

Net force on the piston, F = Fp + mg – FI – Ff

Fig: forces on the reciprocating parts of an engine

Thrust on the sides of cylinder walls or Normal reaction of the

(ii) Thrust on the bearings

(iii) Acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8 kg and

Net Piston Force F = Fp – FI = ?

(i) Turning moment on the crank shaft

(ii) Thrust on the bearings (Fr)

Accelerating Torque (Iα) = Turning Moment - Resisting torque

Accelerating Torque (Iα) = M x x α

(i) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)

(ii) The Pressure on slide bars (FN)

(iii) The tangential force on the crank pin (F T)

(iv) The thrust on the bearings (Fr)

(v) The turning moment on the crank shaft (T)

Force on the Piston, F = FP + Mg – FI

(ii) Pressure on slide bars (FN)

(iii) The tangential force on the crank pin (F T)

(iv) The thrust on the bearings (Fr)

(v) The turning moment on the crank shaft (T)

(i) The net force on the piston (F)

(ii) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)

(iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls (F N) &

Force due to gas pressure,

(i) The net force on the piston (F)

(ii) The thrust in the connecting rod (Fc)

(iii) The thrust on the sides of cylinder walls (F N) &

i.e. When the force on the piston F is zero.