1.

Ophielya Thisna

2. RA.Intan Dwi Saraswati

3. Dewi Rambu Hana p

4. Agus Winangun

5. Angga Putra Surya R

6. I putu Wahyu Widyana

Yasa
Menopause is defined as the point in time when menstrual
cycles permanently cease due to the natural depletion of
ovarian oocytes from aging. The diagnosis is typically made
retrospectively after the woman has missed menses for 12
consecutive months. It marks the permanent end of fertility
and the average age of menopause is 51 years.
 Hot flushes – Short, sudden feelings of heat, usually in the face, neck and chest,
which can make your skin red and sweaty
 Night sweats – Hot flushes that occur at night
 Difficulty sleeping – This may make you feel tired and irritable during the day
 A reduced sex drive
 Problems with memory and concentration
 Vaginal dryness and pain - itching or discomfort during sex
 Headaches
 Mood changes, such as low mood or anxiety
 Palpitations – heartbeats that suddenly become more noticeable
 Joint Stiffness, aches and pains
 Recurrent urinary tract infections
 Although the diagnosis can be made by the patient’s history, laboratory
testing may be performed to confirm the diagnosis of menopause.

 Elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and low estrogen (estradiol) are
consistent with menopause. Any hormonal therapy, such as birth control pills,
will invalidate the FSH and estradiol tests. Because certain medical conditions
can result in the lack of menses, your doctor may also check your thyroid
function, prolactin level, and possibly other tests based on your history and
physical examination.
 Treatment for Menopause
 A healthy lifestyle including a nutritious diet, supplementation with
vitamin D and calcium, regular weight bearing exercise, and elimination
of cigarettes and alcohol can help lower your risk of osteoporosis, bone
fractures, and cardiovascular disease.
 Hormone replacement therapy consists of estrogen, progesterone, and
possibly testosterone may help alleviate or reduce the menopausal
symptoms. However, it is recommended to use the lowest possible
dose for the shortest duration possible to reduce the risks of breast
cancer, blood clots, and stroke.
 Non-hormonal medications for vasomotor instability include low dose
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants (such as
fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, and sertraline), gabapentin, and
clonidine.
 Menopause can lead to the development of complications, including:
 Cardiovascular disease: A drop in estrogen levels has been associated with an increased
risk of cardiovascular disease.
 Osteoporosis: A woman may lose bone density rapidly during the first few years after
menopause. Low bone density leads to a higher risk of developing osteoporosis.
 Urinary incontinence: Menopause causes the tissues of the vagina and urethra to lose
their elasticity. This can result in frequent, sudden, and overwhelming urges to urinate.
These urges can be followed by involuntary loss of urine. Women may involuntarily
urinate after coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting during menopause.
 Breast cancer: Women face a higher risk of breast cancer following menopause. Regular
exercise can significantly reduce the risk.