If I will toss 3 coins

together. What's
my chance of
getting a tail?
1. What's my chance of getting an even number in a
single roll of a die
2. What's my chance of getting a sum of 7 when two dice
are rolled

3. What's my chance of getting an ace

when a card is drawn from a deck

4. What's my chance of
getting a black card and a
10 when a card is drawn
from a deck
* illustrates a random variable
(discrete and continuous)
* distinguishes between a discrete and a
continuous random variable
* finds the possible values of a random variable
* illustrates a probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its
properties.
* construct the probability mass function of a
discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram.
* computes probabilities corresponding to a
given random variable
- is the measure of the chance that the
event will occur as a result of an
experiment.
 In general:

Probability of an event =

Number of ways it can happen

Total number of outcomes
The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment is called the SAMPLE SPACE.
S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}

A RANDOM VARIABLE is a function that

associates a real number to each element in the
sample space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Y = {0, 1, 2, 3}
- if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, discrete random
variables represent count data, such
as the number of defective chairs
produced in a factory.
- if it takes on values on a
continuous scale. Often, continuous
random variables represent
measured data, such as heights,
weights, and temperatures.
1. the number of defective computers
produced by a manufacturer.

2. the weight of newborns each year in

a hospital.
3. the number of siblings in a family of a
region.

4. the amount of paint utilized in

building project.

5. the number of dropout in a school

district for a period of 10 years.
TOSSING THREE COINS
Suppose three coins are tossed.
Determine the possible outcomes. Let H
represent head and T represent tail. Count
the number of tails in each outcome.
 S Y P(Y)
HHH 0 1/8
THH 1
HTH 1 3/8
HHT 1
TTH 2
THT 2 3/8
HTT 2
TTT 3 1/8
- consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of
the values.
1. Two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls.
Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls.

Find the values of the random variable Z.

1
0

1
2
 S Z P(Y)
RR 0 1/4
RB 1 2/4 or 1/2
BR 1
BB 2 1/4
2. Suppose three cell phones are tested at
random. D represent the defective cell phone
and N represent the non-defective cell
phone.If we let X be the random variable
representing the number of defective cell
phones, can you show the values by making a
table of sample space and random variable?
 S Y P(Y)
NNN 0 1/8
NND 1
NDN 1 3/8
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2 3/8
DDN 2
DDD 3 1/8
1. The probability of each value of random
variable must be between or equal to 0 and
1. In symbol, we write it as
0 ≤ P(X) ≥ 1
1/8 = 0.125 1/2 = 0.5

3/8 = 0.375 1/4 = 0.25

2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of
the random variable must be equal to 1.
In symbol, we write it as

ΣP(X) = 1
 P(Y)
1/8
P(Y)
3/8
1/4
2/4 or 1/2
3/8
1/4
1/8

= 8/8 = 1 = 4/4 = 1
Determine whether the given values can serve
as the values of a probability distribution of
random variable X that take on only the values
1, 2, and 3.
1. P(1)=0.08 , P(2)=0.12 , P(3)=1.03

2. P(1)=10/33 , P(2)=1/3 , P(3)=12/33

3. P(1)=0.42 , P(2)=0.31 , P(3)=0.37

4. P(1)=9/14 , P(2)=4/14 , P(3)=1/14

5. P(1)=0 , P(2)=0.71 , P(3)=0.39

1. P(1)=0.08 , P(2)=0.12 , P(3)=1.03
________

2. P(1)=10/33 , P(2)=1/3 , P(3)=12/33 YES

3. P(1)=0.42 , P(2)=0.31 , P(3)=0.37 1.1

4. P(1)=9/14 , P(2)=4/14 , P(3)=1/14 YES

5. P(1)=0 , P(2)=0.71 , P(3)=0.39 1.1

 HISTOGRAM
- is a display of statistical information that
uses rectangles to show the frequency of
data items in successive numerical
intervals of equal size.
 Difference between
Bar Graph & Histogram
1. Two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls.
Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls.

Find the values of the random variable Z.

 S Z P(Y)
RR 0 1/4
RB 1 2/4 or 1/2
BR 1
BB 2 1/4
2. Suppose three cell phones are tested at
random. D represent the defective cell phone
and N represent the non-defective cell
phone.If we let X be the random variable
representing the number of defective cell
phones, can you show the values by making a
table of sample space and random variable?
 S Y P(Y)
NNN 0 1/8
NND 1
NDN 1 3/8
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2 3/8
DDN 2
DDD 3 1/8
Test I: Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous
1. the speed of a car
2. the number of female athletes
3. the time needed to finish the test
4. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
5. the number of people who are playing
LOTTO each day
6. the number of accidents per year at an
intersection
7. the number of voters favoring a candidate
8. the number of bushels of apples per
hectare at this year
9. the number of patient arrivals per hour at a
medical clinic
10. the average amount of electricity
consumed per household per month
Determine whether the given values can serve
as the values of a probability distribution of
random variable X that take on only the values
1, 2, 3 and 4.
1. P(1)=0.25 , P(2)=0.75 , P(3)=0.25, P(3)= -0.25

2. P(1)=1/19 , P(2)=10/19 , P(3)=5/19

3. P(1)=0.42 , P(2)=0.31 , P(3)=0.37

4. P(1)=9/14 , P(2)=4/14 , P(3)=1/14

5. P(1)=0 , P(2)=0.71 , P(3)=0.39

1. Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random
variable representing the number of heads that
occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.

2. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2

green balls, 3 balls are drawn in succession.
Each ball is placed back in the box before the
next drawn is made. Let G be a random variable
representing the number of green balls that occur.
Test I: Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous
1. the speed of a car continuous
2. the number of female athletes discrete
3. the time needed to finish the test continuous
4. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffeecontinuous
5. the number of people who are playing discrete
LOTTO each day
6. the number of accidents per year at an
intersection discrete
7. the number of voters favoring a candidate
8. the number of bushels of apples per discrete
hectare at this year discrete
9. the number of patient arrivals per hour at a
medical clinic discrete
10. the average amount of electricity
continuous
consumed per household per month
Determine whether the given values can serve
as the values of a probability distribution of
random variable X that take on only the values
1, 2, 3 and 4.
1. P(1)=0.25 , P(2)=0.75 , P(3)=0.25, P(3)= -0.25 No

2. P(1)=1/19 , P(2)=10/19 , P(3)=5/19 No 16/19

3. P(1)=0.42 , P(2)=0.31 , P(3)=0.37 No 1.1

4. P(1)=9/14 , P(2)=4/14 , P(3)=1/14 Yes

5. P(1)=0 , P(2)=0.71 , P(3)=0.39 No 1.1

 S Y P(Y)
1.
HHHH 4 1/16
THHH 3
Four coins are HTHH 3 4/16 or 1/4
tossed. Let Z be HHTH 3
the random HHHT 3
variable TTHH 2
representing the HHTT 2
number of heads HTTH 2 6/16 or 3/8
that occur. Find THHT 2
the values of the HTHT 2

random variable THTH 2

HTTT 1
Z.
THTT 1
4/16 or 1/4
TTHT 1
TTTH 1
TTTT 0 1/16
0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0
0 1 2 3 4
2.

From a box containing 4 S Y P(Y)

black balls and 2 green BBB 0 1/7
balls, 3 balls are drawn
GBB 1
in succession. Each ball
is placed back in the box BGB 1 3/7

before the next drawn is BBG 1

made. Let G be a GGB 2
random variable
BGG 2 3/7
representing the number
of green balls that occur. GBG 2
0.60

0.45

0.30

0.15

0
0 1 2
Ready for the deepening
of the study?
Hey diddle, diddle

The median is the middle

You add then divide for the mean

The mode is the one you see the most

And the range is the difference between

1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6
Median = 3

Mean = (1+2+2+3+3+3+3+4+4+5+6)/11
= 3.27

Mode = 3
COMPUTING THE
MEAN OF A
DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
* illustrates and calculate the mean of a
discrete random variable;
* interpret the mean of a discrete random
variable; and
* solve problems involving mean of probability
distributions.
 MEAN
- a term that refers to the AVERAGE
- in symbol X , μ
Formula for the Mean of the
Probability Distribution
X=Σ X•P(X) sample
μ= Σ fX population
n
Let's do this
1. Consider rolling a die. What is the average
number of spots that would appear?
NUMBER OF SPOTS PROBABILITY X•P(X)
or S DISTRIBUTION
X P(X)

X=Σ X•P(X)=
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. What is the
average number of spots that would appear?
NUMBER OF SPOTS PROBABILITY X•P(X)
X P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
X=Σ X•P(X)=21/6=3.5
2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6,
or 7 patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and
0.30, respectively. Find the average number of patients
that a surgeon operates on a day.
SAMPLE SPACE (s) PROBABILITY X•P(X)
X P(X)
3
4
5
6
7
X=Σ X•P(X)
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates
on 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20,
0.25, and 0.30, respectively. Find the average number of
patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
NUMBER OF SPOTS PROBABILITY X•P(X)
X P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1
6 0.25 1.5
7 0.30 2.1
X=Σ X•P(X)=5.45
Exercise

1. Find the mean of the probability

distribution of random variable X, which
can take only the values
3, 5. and 7, given that P(3)=7/30,
P(5)=10/30 and P(7)=13/30.
2. The probabilities of a machine
manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
defective parts in one day are 0.75,
0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005,
respectively. Find the mean of the
probability distribution.
 COMPUTING THE
VARIANCE AND
STANDARD DEVIATION
OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
* illustrates and calculate the variance and
standard deviation of a discrete random
variable;
* interpret the variance and standard deviation
of a discrete random variable; and
* solve problems involving variance and
standard deviation of probability distributions.
 VARIANCE
- is a measurement of the spread between
numbers in a data set.
- measures how far each number in the set is
from the mean.
- in symbol σ2
σ2=Σ (X-μ)2•P(X)

σ2=Σ f(X-X )2
n
STANDARD DEVIATION
- measures the dispersion of a dataset relative
to its mean and is calculated as the square
root of the variance
- in symbol σ
σ= Σ (X-μ)2•P(X)

σ= Σ f(X-X )2
n
The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability distribution by following the given formula
Number of Cars
Sold
X P(X) X•P(X) X-μ (X-μ)2 (X-μ)2•P(X)

0 1/10 μ=Σ X•P(X)

1 2/10
2 3/10
3 2/10
4 2/10
Variance σ2=Σ (X-μ)2•P(X) =
Standard Deviation σ= Σ (X-μ)2•P(X) =
The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability distribution by following the given formula
Number of Cars
Sold
X P(X) X•P(X) X-μ (X-μ)2 (X-μ)2•P(X)

0 1/10 0 μ=Σ X•P(X) 0 - 2.2= -2.2 4.84 0.484

= 22/10 1- 2.2 = -1.2 1.44 0.288
1 2/10 2/10 = 2.2
2 3/10 6/10 2- 2.2 = -0.2 0.04 0.012

3 2/10 6/10 3- 2.2 = 0.8 0.64 0.128

4 2/10 8/10 4- 2.2 = 1.8 3.24 0.648

Variance σ2=Σ (X-μ)2•P(X) = 1.56

Standard Deviation σ= Σ(X-μ)2•P(X) = 1.25
 Steps in Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
2. Subtract the mean from each value of
random variable X
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by
the corresponding probability
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4
CHAPTER SUMMARY
A RANDOM VARIABLE is a function that
associates a real number to each element in the
sample space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
- if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, discrete random
variables represent count data, such
as the number of defective chairs
produced in a factory.
- if it takes on values on a
continuous scale. Often, continuous
random variables represent
measured data, such as heights,
weights, and temperatures.
- consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of
the values.
1. The probability of each value of random
variable must be between or equal to 0 and
1. In symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P(X) ≥ 1
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of
the random variable must be equal to 1.
In symbol, we write it as
ΣP(X) = 1
 Formula for the Mean of the
Probability Distribution
- in symbol X , μ where
Σ=summation
X = values of random
sample X=Σ X•P(X) variable
P(X)= probability
population μ= Σ fX distribution
n
f = frequency
n = no. of values
 Formula for the Variance of
the Probability
2
Distribution
- in symbol σ
σ2=Σ (X-μ)2•P(X) where
Σ=summation
σ2=Σ f(X-X )2 X = values of random
n variable
P(X)= probability
distribution
f = frequency
n = no. of values
 Formula for the Standard
Deviation of the Probability
Distribution
- in symbol σ
σ= σ2

σ= Σ (X-μ)2•P(X)

σ= Σ f(X-X )2
n
 Steps in Finding the Variance and
Standard Deviation
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
2. Subtract the mean from each value of
random variable X
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by
the corresponding probability
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4
 CHAPTER TEST
A.Choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a discrete random
variable?
a. the average amount of electricity consumed
b. the number of patients in a hospital
c. the amount of paint used in repainting a
building
d. the average weight of female athletes
2. If two coins are tossed, which is not a
possible value of the random variable for the
number of heads?

a. 0 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3
3. Which of the following is not a true
statement?
a. the value of a random variable could be zero
b. random variables can only have one value
c. the probability of the value of a random
variable could be zero
d. the sum of all probabilities in a probability
distribution is always equal to one
4. Which formula gives the probability
distribution shown by the table?
X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3 1/6

a. P(X)= 1/x c. P(X)=6/x

b. P(X)= x/6 d. P(X)=1/6
5. If P(X) = X/6, what are the possible values
of X for it to be a probbility distribution?

a. 0, 2, 3 c. 2, 3, 4
b. 1, 2, 3 d. 1, 1, 2
Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous

6. the number of defective computers produced

by a manufacturer

7. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital

8. the number siblings in a family of a region
9. the amount of paint utilized in a building report
10. the number of dropout in a school district
for a period of 10 years
11. the speed of a car
12. the number of female athletes
13. the time needed to finish the test
14. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
15. the number of people who are playing
LOTTO each day
16. the number of accidents per year at an
intersection
17. the number of voters favoring a candidate
18. the number of bushels of apples per
hectare at this year
19. the number of patient arrivals per hour at a
medical clinic
20. the average amount of electricity
consumed per household per month
Score X No. of
Students (f) fX mean = X-X (X-X)2 f(X-X)2

21 27 32 37
42 8
22 28 33 38
50 12
23 X=ΣfX= 43 29 34 39
53 9 n
24 30 35 40
38 7
25 31 36 41
46 4
n=40 ΣfX= 26 Σf(X-X)2= 42

Variance = σ2=Σf(X-X)2 =44

n
Standard Deviation = σ= σ2 = 45