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Global City
Lesson 8

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Why study Global Cities?

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Globalization is spatial.
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• Cultural movements spread through media like internet.
• First, globalization is spatial because it occurs in
physical spaces.
e.g. foreign investments and capital movements
• Second, globalization is spatial because what makes it
move is the fact that it is based on places.
e.g. LA – Hollywood , Tokyo – Sony
• Cities act on globalization and globalization acts on
cities.
• In the year 1950, only 30 percent of the world lived in
urban areas
• 2014 – 54 percent
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• 2050 – 66 percent
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Defining Global City

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WHAT GLOBAL
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CITY?
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• Sociologist Saska Sassen, 1990s
• New York, London, and Tokyo
- home of global finance and capitalism
• NYSE (19,300 billion US dollars)
• Philippines (231.3 billion US dollars)
• LA- movie making mecca
• San Francisco – home of the most powerful internet companies
• Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou – centers of trade and finance
• Sydney and Melbourne – most livable city

• In what ways are cities global and to what extent are they global?

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for Globality
• Multiple attributes of global city
- Economic power ( market power, purchasing power of the
citizens, size of middle class, and potential for growth)
e.g. Singapore in Asia
- Centers of Authority and Political Power
e.g. Washington D.C., UN in NYC, EU in Brussels, ASEAN in
Jakarta, European Central Bank in Frankfurt
- Centers of higher learning and culture
e.g. The New York Times, Harvard University in Boston,
Culinary capital in Copenhagen

Global cities are culturally diverse 6 6

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The Challenges of Global Cities
• Site of great inequality, poverty and tremendous violence.
• Global cities create winners and losers.
• Cities can be sustainable because of their density.
• Urban areas consume most of the world’s energy.
- cities only cover 2 percent of the world landmass, but they
consume 78 percent of global energy.
• Carbon emissions – solution “vertical farms”
• Cities are obvious targets for terrorists due to high populations
and their role as symbols of globalization.
e.g. 9/11 attacks
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The Global City and the Poor
• In places like Mumbai, Jakarta and Manila, it is common to find
gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns. This
duality may be seen in rich, urban cities.
• In the outskirts of New York and San Francisco are poor urban
enclaves occupied by African-Americans and immigrant
families who are often denied opportunities at a better life.
• Gentrification
• In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced out of Paris and
have clustered around ethnic enclaves known as banlieue.
• A large global city may thus be a paradise for
some, but purgatory for others. 8 8