DC Machine

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3017-SistemTenaga Elektrik 공 학
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The direct current (dc) machine can be used
as a motor or as a generator.
DC Machine is most often used for a motor.
The major advantages of dc machines are
the easy speed and torque regulation.
However, their application is limited to mills,
mines and trains. As examples, trolleys and
underground subway cars may use dc
motors.
In the past, automobiles were equipped with
dc dynamos to charge their batteries.
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Even today the starter is a series dc motor
However, the recent development of power
electronics has reduced the use of dc motors
and generators.
 The electronically controlled ac drives are
gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.
Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors
are still used by industry and several
thousand are sold annually.
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• Advantages:
 Leading role until 1960- years.
 Almost ideal Speed vs Torque motor characteristics.
 Possibility of obtaining variable and continuous dc voltage
 Simplicity for control (control paradigm)
 Large range of speed controllabilty
• The lacks:
 Mechanical commutator (inverter/rectifier)
 Large moment of inertia (because of collector)
 Request for often maintaining
 Sensitivity according current overloading , sparking (in commutation)
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3017-SistemTenaga Elektrik 공 학 10
Voltages range from: 6[V] to about 700[V]
Small DC motors (say, up to hundreds of
watts) can run at approx. 12000 rev/min
Majority of medium and large DC motors
are usually designed for speeds below
3000 rev/min
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General arrangement of a dc machine
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• The stator of the dc motor
has poles, which are excited
by dc current to produce
magnetic fields.
• In the neutral zone, in the
middle between the poles,
commutating poles are
placed to reduce sparking of
the commutator. The
commutating poles are
supplied by dc current.
• Compensating windings are
mounted on the main poles.
These short-circuited
windings damp rotor
oscillations. .
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• The poles are mounted on
an iron core that provides
a closed magnetic circuit.
• The motor housing
supports the iron core, the
brushes and the bearings.
• The rotor has a ring-
shaped laminated iron
core with slots.
• Coils with several turns
are placed in the slots.
The distance between the
two legs of the coil is
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about 180 electric degrees.
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• The coils are connected in
series through the
commutator segments.
• The ends of each coil are
connected to a commutator
segment.
• The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated
tube.
• Two brushes are pressed to
the commutator to permit
current flow.
• The brushes are placed in
the neutral zone, where the
magnetic field is close to
zero, to reduce arcing.
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• The rotor has a ring-
shaped laminated iron
core with slots.
• The commutator consists
of insulated copper
segments mounted on an
insulated tube.
• Two brushes are pressed
to the commutator to
permit current flow.
• The brushes are placed in
the neutral zone, where the
magnetic field is close to
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zero, to reduce arcing.
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• The commutator switches
the current from one rotor
coil to the adjacent coil,
• The switching requires the
interruption of the coil
current.
• The sudden interruption of
an inductive current
generates high voltages .
• The high voltage produces
flashover and arcing
between the commutator
segment and the brush.
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공 학
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3017-SistemTenaga Elektrik
Rotation
Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2
Brush Pole
winding
Shaft
|
1
2
8
3
N 7
S
6 4
5
Insulation Copper
Rotor Ir_dc segment
Winding
Commutator with the rotor coils connections. 전기

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Details of the commutator of a dc motor. 전기
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DC motor stator with poles visible. 전기
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Rotor of a dc motor. 전기
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Cutaway view of a dc motor.
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• In a dc motor, the
stator poles are Rotation
supplied by dc Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2
Pole
excitation current, Shaft
Brush
winding
which produces a dc
magnetic field. |
1
• The rotor is supplied 8

2
by dc current through N 7 3
S
the brushes, 6
5
4
commutator and coils.

• The interaction of the Insulation Copper
magnetic field and Rotor
Winding
Ir_dc segment
rotor current
generates a force that
drives the motor
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• The magnetic field lines v B
enter into the rotor from a
the north pole (N) and exit S 1

30
N Vdc
toward the south pole (S). 2
• The poles generate a b
magnetic field that is v

perpendicular to the Ir_dc
current carrying (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to
conductors. 2 (slot a to b)
• The interaction between B
the field and the current a
produces a Lorentz force,
• The
S N
force is
2
v 30 v Vdc
1
perpendicular to both the b
magnetic field and

conductor Ir_dc
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(b) Rotor current flow from
segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
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• The generated force turns the v
a
B
rotor until the coil reaches the

1
neutral point between the poles. S 30
N Vdc
2
• At this point, the magnetic field
b
becomes practically zero together v
with the force. Ir_dc
• However, inertia drives the motor
(a) Rotor current flow from segment
beyond the neutral zone where 1 to 2 (slot a to b)
the direction of the magnetic field B
reverses. a
• To avoid the reversal of the force

S N
2
direction, the commutator v 30 v Vdc
1
changes the current direction, b
which maintains the

Ir_dc
counterclockwise rotation. .
(b) Rotor current flow from segment
2 to 1 (slot b to a) 전기
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• Before reaching the neutral v B
zone, the current enters in a
segment 1 and exits from 1

S N
segment 2, 30
2
Vdc
• Therefore, current enters the
b
coil end at slot a and exits from v
slot b during this stage. Ir_dc
• After passing the neutral zone, (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2
the current enters segment 2 (slot a to b)
and exits from segment 1, B
• This reverses the current a
direction through the rotor coil,
when the coil passes the neutral S N
2
v 30 v Vdc
zone.
1
• The result of this current b
reversal is the maintenance of Ir_dc

the rotation.
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2
to 1 (slot b to a) 전기
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• The N-S poles produce a v
a
B
dc magnetic field and the 1

S N
rotor coil turns in this 30
2
Vdc
field.
b
• A turbine or other v
machine drives the rotor. Ir_dc
• The conductors in the (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot
a to b)
slots cut the magnetic
flux lines, which induce B
a
voltage in the rotor coils.
• The coil has two sides: S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
one is placed in slot a,
1
the other in slot b. b
Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a) 전기
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• In Figure A, the v
a
B
conductors in slot a are
cutting the field lines S 1
30
N Vdc
entering into the rotor 2
from the north pole, b

• The conductors in slot v
b are cutting the field Ir_dc
lines exiting from the (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot
rotor to the south pole. a to b)
• The cutting of the field B

lines generates voltage a
in the conductors.
• The voltages generated S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
in the two sides of the
1
coil are added. b
Ir_dc
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• The induced voltage is v
a
B
connected to the
generator terminals S 1
30
N Vdc
through the commutator 2
and brushes. b
• In Figure A, the induced v
voltage in b is positive, Ir_dc
and in a is negative. (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot
• The positive terminal is a to b)
connected to commutator B
segment 2 and to the a
conductors in slot b.
• The negative terminal is S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
connected to segment 1
1
and to the conductors in b
slot a.
Ir_dc
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• When the coil passes v
a
B
the neutral zone: 1

– Conductors in slot a are S 30
N Vdc
2
then moving toward the
south pole and cut flux b
lines exiting from the v

rotor Ir_dc
– Conductors in slot b cut (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot
the flux lines entering a to b)
the in slot b.
B
• This changes the a
polarity of the induced S N
2
voltage in the coil. v 30
v Vdc
1
• The voltage induced in b
a is now positive, and
in b is negative. Ir_dc
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• The simultaneously the v
a
B
commutator reverses
its terminals, which S 1
30
N Vdc
assures that the output 2
voltage (Vdc) polarity is b
unchanged. v
Ir_dc
• In Figure B (a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot
– the positive terminal is a to b)
connected to
commutator segment 1 a
B
and to the conductors in
slot a. S N
2
v 30
v Vdc
– The negative terminal is
1
connected to segment 2 b
and to the conductors in
slot b. Ir_dc
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 The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces
a voltage in the rotor (or armature) coils when the
generator is rotated.
 This induced voltage is represented by a voltage
source.
 The stator coil has resistance, which is connected in
series.
 The pole flux is produced by the DC excitation/field
current, which is magnetically coupled to the rotor
 The field circuit has resistance and a source
 The voltage drop on the brushes represented by a
battery
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Vbrush
Rf Ra Load
max
Iag
Vf If Eag Vdc
Mechanical Electrical
power in power out
 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc generator.
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The magnetic field produced by the stator
poles induces a voltage in the rotor (or
armature) coils when the generator is
rotated.
The dc field current of the poles generates a
magnetic flux
The flux is proportional with the field
current if the iron core is not saturated:
 ag  K 1 I f
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360 Chapter 8. DC macines
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34
The rotor conductors cut the field
lines that generate voltage in the coils.
E ag  2 N r B  g v
 The motor speed and flux equations are :
Dg
v   ag  B  g D g
2
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The combination of the three equation
results the induced voltage equation:
 Dg 
Eag  2 N r B  g v  2 N r B  g    N r B  g Dg   N r  ag 
 2 
The equation is simplified.
E ag  N r  ag   N r K1 I f   K m I f 
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 When the generator is loaded, the load current
produces a voltage drop on the rotor winding
resistance.
 In addition, there is a more or less constant 1–3 V
voltage drop on the brushes.
 These two voltage drops reduce the terminal
voltage of the generator. The terminal voltage is;
E ag  Vdc  I ag Ra  Vbrush
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Vbrush Electrical
Rf Ra power in
max
DC Power
Vf If Iam Vdc
Eam supply
Mechanical
power out
 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor

 Equivalent circuit is similar to the generator only the current
directions are different
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 The operation equations are:
 Armature voltage equation
Vdc  Eam  I am Ra  Vbrush
The induced voltage and motor speed vs

angular frequency
E am  K m I f    2  nm
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 The operation equations are:
 The combination of the equations results in
K m I f   E am  Vdc  I am Rm
The current is calculated from this equation. The
output power and torque are:
Pout
Pout  Eam I am T  K m I am I f

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Efficiency The losses in DC Machines;
1. Electrical or copper loss
Pout
 x100% 2. Brush Losses
Pin
3. Core losses
4. Mechanical losses
Pin  Ploss
 x100% 5. Stray load losses
Pin
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1. Electrical or copper loss;
PA  I A R A
2
Armature loss ;
PF  I F R F
2
Field loss ;
Where; PA-armature loss, PF-Field loss, IA-armature

current, IF –Field current, RA-armature resistance, R
F-Field resistance
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2. Brush loss;
Where; PBD-brush drop loss, VBD-brush voltage drop

, IA-armature current
3. Core loss; hysteresis losses and eddy current losses
4. Mechanical loss; rugi akibat gesekan dan angin
5.Stray load losses; rugi-rugi buta, umumnya 1%

beban penuh
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 There are four different methods for
supplying the dc current to the motor
or generator poles:
 Separate excitation;
 Shunt connection
 Series connection
 Compound
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Vbrush
Ra
Iam Im DC Power
supply
Eam max Rf
Vdc
If
Pout
 Equivalent circuit of a shunt dc motor
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Vbrush Ra
Im DC Power
Rf supply
Eam
Vdc
max
Pout
 Equivalent circuit of a series dc motor

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Vbrush
Ra
Iam Im DC Power
Rfs supply
Eam
max Vdc
Rfp Ifp
Pout
 Equivalent circuit of a compound dc motor

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Manual face-plate starter
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Dynamic braking
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Plugging
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Jn12
To 
131.5P1
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T   f Ia
E a  n f
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 George G. Karady & Keith Holbert, Lecture:
EEE 360 Energy Conversion and Transport
 T. Wildi, Electrical Machines, Drives, and
Power Systems, Prentice Hall
FAA, Aviation Maintenance Technician
Handbook
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DC Machine

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DC Machine

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전기

Commutator with the rotor coils connections. 전기

• The rotor is supplied 8

commutator and coils.

the north pole (N) and exit S 1

• The poles generate a b

magnetic field that is v

magnetic field and

rotor until the coil reaches the

• To avoid the reversal of the force

which maintains the

segment 1 and exits from 1

reversal is the maintenance of Ir_dc

dc magnetic field and the 1

from the north pole, b

• The cutting of the field B

the neutral zone: 1

lines exiting from the v

polarity of the induced S N

voltage (Vdc) polarity is b

 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc generator.

The equation is simplified.

 Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor

Vdc  Eam  I am Ra  Vbrush

The induced voltage and motor speed vs

Where; PA-armature loss, PF-Field loss, IA-armature

Where; PBD-brush drop loss, VBD-brush voltage drop

3. Core loss; hysteresis losses and eddy current losses

4. Mechanical loss; rugi akibat gesekan dan angin

5.Stray load losses; rugi-rugi buta, umumnya 1%

 Equivalent circuit of a shunt dc motor

 Equivalent circuit of a series dc motor

 Equivalent circuit of a compound dc motor

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