Name Pen

Meet mistry 130840105024

jigar dholariya 130840105007 Guided by
Kush naik 130840105026 Prof. Pratik Patel
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
 In laminar flow , the fluid travels as parallel layers (known as
streamlines) that do not mix as they move in the direction of
the flow.
 If the flow is turbulent, the fluid does not travel in parallel
layers, but moves in a haphazard manner with only the average
motion of the fluid being parallel to the axis of the pipe.
 If the flow is transitional , then both types may be present at
different points along the pipeline or the flow may switch
between the two.
 In 1883, Osborne Reynolds performed a classic set of
experiments that showed that the flow characteristic can be
predicted using a dimensionless number, now known as the
Reynolds number.
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
 The Reynolds number Re is the ratio of the inertia forces in
the flow to the viscous forces in the flow and can be
calculated using:

• If Re < 2000, the flow will be laminar.

• If Re > 4000, the flow will be turbulent.
• If 2000<Re<4000, the flow is transitional
• The Reynolds number is a good guide to the type of flow
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
 The Bernoulli equation
defines the relationship
between fluid velocity (v),
fluid pressure (p), and height
(h) above some fixed point
for a fluid flowing through a
pipe of varying cross-
section, and is the starting
point for understanding the
principle of the differential
pressure flowmeter.
 Bernoulli’s equation states
that:
Bernoulli’s equation can be used to measure flow rate.
Consider the pipe section shown in figure below. Since the pipe is horizontal, h 1 = h 2,
and the equation reduces to:
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
 The conservation of mass principle requires that:
 Differential Pressure Flowmeters

The Orifice Plate

 The orifice plate is the simplest and cheapest. It is
simply a plate with a hole of specified size and position
cut in it, which can then clamped between flanges in a
pipeline
 The increase that occurs in the velocity of a fluid as it
passes through the hole in the plate results in a pressure
drop being developed across the plate.
 After passing through this restriction, the fluid flow jet
continues to contract until a minimum diameter known
as the vena contracta is reached.
The Orifice Plate
The Orifice Plate
 The orifice plate is the simplest and cheapest.
 The increase that occurs in the velocity of a fluid as it passes through the
hole in the plate results in a pressure drop being developed across the plate.
After passing through this restriction, the fluid flow jet continues to contract
until a minimum diameter known as the vena contracta is reached.
 The equation to calculate the flow must be modified to
 The Venturi Tube

 The classical or Herschel Venturi tube is the oldest type of differential pressure
flowmeter (1887).
 The restriction is introduced into the flow in a more gradual way
 The resulting flow through a Venturi tube is closer to that predicted in theory so the
discharge coefficient C is much nearer unity (0.95).
 The pressure loss caused by the Venturi tube is lower, but the differential pressure is
also lower than for an orifice plate of the same diameter ratio.
The Venturi Tube

 The smooth design of the Venturi tube means that it is less

sensitive to erosion than the orifice plate, and thus more
suitable for use with dirty gases or liquids.
 The Venturi tube is also less sensitive to upstream disturbances,
and therefore needs shorter lengths of straight pipework
upstream of the meter than the equivalent orifice plate or
nozzle.
 Like the orifice plate and nozzle, the design, installation, and
use of the Venturi tube is covered by a number of international
standards.
 The disadvantages of the Venturi tube flowmeter are its size
and cost.
 The Nozzle
 The nozzle combines some of the
best features of the orifice plate and
Venturi tube.
 It is compact and yet, because of its
curved inlet, has a discharge
coefficient close to unity.
 There are a number of designs of
nozzle, but one of the most
commonly used in Europe is the
ISA-1932 nozzle, while in the U.S.,
the ASME long radius nozzle is
more popular. Both of these nozzles
are covered by international
standards.
Other Differential Pressure Flowmeters
 There are many other types of differential pressure flowmeter,
but they are not very common
 the segmental wedge, V-cone, elbow, and Dall tube.
 Each of these has advantages over the orifice plate, Venturi
tube, and nozzle for specific applications.
 For example, the segmental wedge can be used with flows
having a low Reynolds number,
 Dall tube has a lower permanent pressure loss than a Venturi
tube.
 However, none of these instruments are yet covered by
international standards and, thus, calibration is needed to
determine their accuracy.
 Choosing which flowmeter is best for a particular application
can be very difficult.
 The main factors that influence this choice are the required
performance, the properties of the fluid to be metered, the
installation requirements, the environment in which the
instrument is to be used, and, of course, cost.
 There are two standards that can be used to help select a
flowmeter: BS 1042: Section 1.4, which is a guide to the use of
the standard differential pressure flowmeters
 BS 7405, which is concerned with the wider principles of
flowmeter selection
Variable Area Flowmeters
 The term variable area flowmeters refers to those
meters in which the minimum cross-sectional area
available to the flow through the meter varies with the
flow rate.
 Meters of this type include the rotameter and the
movable vane meter used in pipe flows, and the weir
or flume used in open-channel flows.
 The measure of the flow rate is a geometrical quantity
such as the height of a bob in the rotameter, the angle
of the vane, or the change in height of the free surface
of the liquid flowing over the weir or through the
flume.
Rotameter
 Rotameter consists of a conical
transparent vertical glass tube containing
a “bob”.
 The flow rate is proportional to the
height of the bob.
 The rotameter is characterized by:
 Simple and robust construction
 High reliability
 Low pressure drop
Rotameter
 Applicable to a wide variety of gases and liquids
 Flow range 0.04 L/h to 150 m3/h for water
 Flow range 0.5 L/h to 3000 m3/h for air
 Uncertainty 0.4% to 4% of maximum flow
 Insensitivity to nonuniformity in the inflow (no
upstream straight piping needed)
 Typical maximum temperature 400°C
 Typical maximum pressure 4 MPa (40 bar)
 Low investment cost
 Low installation cost
Weir
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
 A positive displacement flowmeter, commonly called a PD
meter, measures the volume flow rate of a continuous flow
stream by momentarily entrapping a segment of the fluid into a
chamber of known volume and releasing that fluid back into
the flow stream on the discharge side of the meter.
 By monitoring the number of entrapments for a known period
of time or number of entrapments per unit time, the total
volume of flow or the flow rate of the stream can be
ascertained.
 The total volume and the flow rate can then be displayed
locally or transmitted to a remote monitoring station.
Sliding-vane type PD meter.

Piston Type PD Meter

Tri-Rotor Type PD Meter

Oval Gear PD Meter

Birotor PD Meter
Advantages PD Meters
 Advantages PD Meters
 High-quality, high accuracy, a wide range, and are
very reliable, insensitive to inlet flow profile
distortions, low pressure drop across the meter.
 Until the introduction of electronic correctors and
flow controls on other types of meters, PD meters
were most widely used in batch loading and
dispensing applications. All mechanical units can be
installed in remote locations.
Disadvantages PD Meters
 bulky, especially in the larger sizes.
 the fluid must be clean for measurement accuracy and
longevity of themeter.
 More accurate PD meters are quite expensive.
 Have high inertia of the moving parts; a sudden change in the
flow rate can damage the meter.
 Only for limited ranges of pressure and temperature
 Most PD meters require a good maintenance schedule and are
high repair and maintenance meters.
 Recurring costs in maintaining a positive displacement
flowmeter can be a significant factor in overall flowmeter cost.
Summary
 For pipe flows, variable area flowmeters are suitable for low
flow rates of gases or liquids at moderate temperatures and
pressures.
 Advantage rugged construction, high reliability, low
pressure drop, easy installation, and low cost.
 Disadvantages measurement uncertainty of 1% or more,
limited range (10:1), slow response, and restrictions on the
meter orientation.
 Variable area flowmeters in open-channel flows have
applications for flow measurements in waste water plants,
waterworks, rivers and streams, irrigation, and drainage
canals.
Reference
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement
 krohne.com/en/products/flow-measurement/variable-
area-flowmeters