Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Differences in Culture
Societies’ differ along cultural dimensions
What is culture?
How/why do social structure, religion, language
influence cultural differences?
What are differences between culture and values
in the workplace (corporate culture)?
Culture changes over time. What are some reasons
behind this?
Implications for business managers
Cultural Appreciation
Values
Customs
Aspects of
culture
Symbols
Language
What is Culture?
Culture: a society’s (group’s) system of
shared, learned values and norms; these
are the society’s (group’s) design for living
– Values: abstract ideas about the good, the
right, the desirable
– Norms: social rules and guidelines; guide
appropriate behavior for specific situations
Folkways: norms of little moral significance
dress code; table manners; timeliness
Mores: norms central to functioning of social life
– bring serious retribution: thievery, adultery, alcohol
Basic U.S. Business Values
Cultural Diversity
Values represent personal or socially
preferable modes of conduct or states
of existence that are enduring.
Geert Hofstede
National Culture
“Nation” is a useful:
– Definition of society
similarity among people a cause -- and effect -- of national
boundaries
– Way to bound and measure culture for conduct of
business
culture is a key characteristic of societ
can differ significantly across national borders
– also within national borders
laws are established along national lines
Culture is both a cause and an effect of economic
and political factors that vary across national
borders
Social Structure and Culture
Unit of social organization: individual or group?
Society may be stratified into classes or castes
High-low stratification
High-low mobility between strata
The individual: building block of many Western societies
Entrepreneurship
Social, geographical and inter-organizational mobility
The group:
Two or more associated individuals with a shared identity
Interact with each-other in specific ways on the basis of a
common set of expectations.
Individual vs Group
Societal Characteristics
Individual Group
– Managerial mobility – Loyalty and commitment to
between companies company
– Economic dynamism, – In-depth knowledge of
innovation company
– Good general skills – Specialist skills
– Team work difficult, – Easy to build teams,
non-collaborative collaboration
Exposure to different – Emotional identification with
ways of doing business group or company
– e.g., Japanese companies
– e.g., U.S. companies
Religion, Ethics and Culture
Religion: system of shared beliefs about the sacred
Ethical systems: moral principles or values that shape
and guide behavior; often products of religion
Major religious groups and some economic
implications
– Christianity protestant work ethic
– Islam Islamic economic principles
– Hinduism anti-materialistic, socially stratified
– Buddhism anti-materialistic, social equality
– Confucianism hierarchy, loyalty, honesty
Language: Culture Bound
Language, spoken
– “private” does not exist as a word in many
languages
– Eskimos: 24 words for snow
– Words which describe moral concepts can be
unique to countries or areas
– Spoken language precision important in low-
context cultures
Language, unspoken
– Context... more important than spoken word in
high context cultures
Non-Verbal Gestures
Non-Verbal Gestures
Non-Verbal Gestures
Non-Verbal Gestures
Cultural Diversity – “Chevy Nova Award”
Education
– Medium through which people are acculturated
– Language, “myths,” values, norms taught
– Teaches personal achievement and competition
– Critical to national competitive advantage
Education system may be a cultural outcome
Culture and the workplace (Hofstede)
Finds national culture dimensions meaningful to
business
Basis:
– Work related values not universal
– National values may persist over MNC efforts to create
corporate culture
– Home country values often used to determine HQ
policies
– MNC may create morale problems with uniform moral
norms
Purpose: understanding of business situations
across-cultures
MUST understand own culture AND other culture(s)
Culture and the workplace
Geert Hofstede – sampled 100,000 IBM
employees 1963-1973
Compared employee attitudes and values
across 40 countries
Isolated 4 dimensions summarizing
culture:
1. Power distance
2. Individualism vs. collectivism
3. Uncertainty avoidance
4. Masculinity vs. feminity
Power Distance -- (Hofstede)
Attitudes towards
– Time
– Persistence
– Status in society
– “Face”
– Respect for tradition
– Gifts and favors
Cultural Change Over Time