STUDY OF HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

GROUND WATER IN KOVILPATTI,TAMILNADU

TEAM MEMBERS MENTOR

JESWINI.P(1516021) MRS.VENKADALAKSHMI.R
RAAGAVI.T(1516035) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
RAMALAKSHMI.M(1516038)
VINI ANGELIN.R(1516057)
 OBJECTIVE

The objectives of present work are as follows:

• To analyze the quality of groundwater for the following
parameters/ions, viz., pH, Electrical conductivity, Total hardness,
Dissolved oxygen, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate Na, K and
Alkalinity.
• To check the groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation and
drinking purposes by comparing with standards.
• To replace the filter membrane with natural fibres for reverse osmosis
process.
 SCOPE

• Ground water is one of the most important resources for domestic and
irrigation purposes. Due to over exploitation and various other factors the
physical and chemical characteristics of the ground water are affected ,
making it unsuitable for their meant purpose.

• By analyzing the characteristics of groundwater and determining their

suitability for domestic , irrigation and various other purposes inorder to
recommend suitable filtering process for the people in the locality.

• To produce suitable filtering membrane for reverse osmosis system using

natural fibers.
 METHODOLOGY

Fixing
the Procedure Sample
station Collection Collection

Analysis
of
major cations and
anions

Replace RO Comparision
membrane with WHO & Indian
Standards
Fixing the station
BRINDHA KARTHIKEYAN and ELANGO LAKSHMANAN “HYDROCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER FOR DOMESTIC AND IRRIGATION
PURPOSES IN MADHURANTHAKAM,TN,INDIA” EARTH SCIENCES
RESEARCH JOURNAL,DECEMBER 2011

• Determination of electrical conductivity, pH, Sulphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride,
Bicarbonate, Total dissolved solids, Total Hardness for drinking purpose.

• Determination of Sodium percentage , Magnesium hazard, Residual sodium Carbonate, Sodium absorption
ratio, permeability index for Irrigation purpose.

• The parameters were analyzed using portable digital meters, UV visible spectrophotometer, flame
photometer, Titration techniques, piper trilinear diagram.

• Compare the parameters with world health organization and Indian standards

• In this area Ca-HCO 3 was the dominant groundwater type and the next dominant water type was mixed
Ca-Na-HCO3

• 95% of the groundwater is suitable for drinking and irrigation purpose.

A.G.S.REDDY,K.NIRANJAN KUMAR “IDENTIFICATION OF THE
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN GROUNDWATER USING MAJOR ION
CHEMISTRY :A CASE STUDY OF PENNA-CHITRAVATHI RIVER BASINS IN
SOUTHERN INDIA ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS(2010)

• Determination of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,

Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, nitrate.

• The parameters were analyzed using digital pH meter, EC/TDS analyzer, classical methods, flame
photometry, UV visible spectrophotometer and also in the field during sampling during both premonsoon
and postmonsson seasons.

• Majority of the samples in both the seasons shows the formations Na+ and HCO3- types.

• Generally more than half of the samples showed it is of shallow meteoric water percolation type.
C.Anandhaprakash,M.Vijay Prabhu,et al.,“Groundwater Quality Assessment In Arjuna
Watershed, Vaigai River Madurai and Virudhunagar Districts, Tamil
Nadu”Geology,volume-6,2016

• To identified groundwater quality data compared with world health organization and Bureau of
Indian Standards and to determine the spatial variation of ionic concentration.

• The samples have been analyzed for physico-chemical parameters.For the drinking water purposes,
World Health Organization standard limit was used to demarcate sample suitability.

• Most of the groundwater sample fall within the permissible range. The good quality of water for
drinking purposes is 88%.Based on the PH value.

• The majority of the samples are suitable for irrigation purpose.Based on salinity index classification.

• The Results of GIS spatial distribution of Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), ion indicates that all samples are
potable zone limits.chloride samples that is indicates that not the potable zone limits. It affect the
soil fertility and also affect the growth of the plant.
M A A Nazri,L W Tan,et all “GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER AT KERIAN IRRIGATION SCHEME”
IOP Conf.series: Materials Science and Engineering 136(2016)

• Determination of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,

Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, nitrate.

• Only ultra pure water and deionised water is used analysis and Analyzed using titration methods.

• Analyses indicates the existence of fresh water, exposure of carbonate rocks , slightly acidity of few
samples.

• Significant hydrogeophysical parameters have been estimated for reasonable assessment for irrigation
purpose.
S.SELVAM,S.VENKATRAMANAN,C.SINGARAJA “A GIS-BASED ASSESMENT
OF WATER QUALITY POLLUTION INDICES FOR HEAVY METAL
CONTAMINATION IN TUTICORIN CORPORATION,TN,INDIA”SAUDI SOCIETY
FOR GEOSCIENCES 2015

• Determination of Aluminium, Chromium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium and Lead.

• For analyzing the metal pollution in ground water which is mainly polluted by industrial and human
activity.

• Analysed using Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI).

• The pollution indices of HPI, HEI, and DOC, it indicates 28, 23 and 25% respectively, and it is highly
polluted due to industries lechates and municipal sewage system.
Annapoorani A, Murugesan A, Ramu A, Renganathan N. G. “Hydrochemical
Characteristics of Groundwater Quality in Chennai City Using GIS – A Case
Study”,International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment Vol. 3 Issue 4
October 2013(39-47) ISSN 2248-9649

• The parameters measured in-situ is Electrical Conductivity, pH and TDS. Chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate,
hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate were measured. Water Quality Index and Sea
water Mixing Index has been classified.

• Integrated GIS Analysis had been drawn to identify the quality of water, intrusion of salt water, dominating
process, dominating ions, suitability for irrigation.

• The variation of sea water mixing index with concentration of sodium and chloride indicates that there is
excess of chloride in north Chennai and excess of sodium in south Chennai.

• Overall Chennai is not good for cultivation due to industrial contamination and sea water, except in small
pockets.
 L. Muthulakshmi,P.Thillai Arasu,R.Ilavarasi and S. Selvanayagam (2015)
“Hydrochemical trend of ground water – Rajapalayam town, Tamil Nadu,
India” J. of Materials and Environ. Science 6(4) 1004-1008

• Their main objective is to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater in some

parts of Rajapalayam town.

• They have carried out the experiments as per Bureau of Indian standards.

• From the experiments they conclude

o Total hardness values of water are higher than the highest desirable limit. This may be attributed to the natural
accumulation of lime due to rock-soil interaction kinetics or by direct pollution.

o The calcium values are found above the maximum permissible limit (200 mg/l) this may be due to the may be due to
the leaching of soil deposits.

o Heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn and Hg, are present in detectable concentrations due to emission and
discharge of heavy metals by industries and combustion of fossil fuel.
 S. Anbazhagan,S. M. Ramasamy,S. Das Gupta (2005) “Remote sensing and
GIS for artificial recharge study, runoff estimation and planning in Ayyar basin,
Tamil Nadu, India” Environ. Geol. 48:158–170

• This research is focussed on artificial recharge site selection process and runoff estimation using
remote sensing and GIS techniques.

• GIS technique is useful in spatial intersection of different land use and land cover with various
hydrological soil groups in the watershed areas.

• The remote sensing based integrated terrain analysis is useful for identifying and prioritizing the
suitable sites for artificial recharge.

• Watershed areas for artificial recharge were prioritized on the basis of available runoff, available
aquifer dimension, percentage of runoff with total area and watershed conditions.

• Watershed conditions affects the quality of ground water.

 H. Gonca Coskun, Aysegul Tanik, Ugur Alganci, H. Kerem Cigizoglu (2008)
“Determination of Environmental Quality of a Drinking Water Reservoir by
Remote Sensing, GIS and Regression Analysis” Water, Air & Soil Pollution
194:275–285

• They investigate the temporal assessment of the land-use/ cover of the Omerli Watershed and the
water quality changes in the Reservoir using remote sensing, GIS technique and regression analysis.

• RS data makes it easier to understand how the creeks joining the reservoir carry high polluting loads
with surface run-off .

• Satellite data provides a useful index of TP, TN, CL, and TDS.

• The site is highly under the effect of rapid urban sprawl and industrialization.

• Pollution of groundwater is caused due to surface run-off.

Ramesh K. and Bhuvana Jagadeeswari. P,” Hydrochemical Characteristics of
Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation
Purposes in Periyakulam Taluk of Theni District, Tamil Nadu” I Res. J. Environment
Sci.

• Determination of suitability of local groundwater quality for domestic and irrigation purposes.

• Thirty groundwater samples were collected in premonsoon (August 2011) and postmonsoon
(February 2012) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters.

• The dominant groundwater type was Ca-HCO3 type and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type.

• The groundwater is hard to very hard on the basis of TH.

• The fluoride concentration exceed the limit (>1.5 mg/l) and also observed the dental fluorosis is
common among the people.
B. Deepika , Kumar Avinash, K. S. Jayappa,” Integration of Hydrological factors and
demarcation of groundwater prospect zones: insights from remote sensing and GIS
techniques” Environ Earth Sci (2013) 70:1319–1338

• The study demonstrates the potential of geographical information system and statistical-based
approaches to identify the hydrological processes and demarcate

• The groundwater prospect zones of the Gangolli basin, Karnataka State, India.

• Survey of India topographic maps (SOI) of 1967 edition (1:50,000 scale) and Indian Remote Sensing
(IRS)—1C and P6 Linear Self Scanning (LISS-III, 23.5 m resolution) images of 2008 were
employed in this study to prepare various thematic maps of the basin.

• The drainage network is not much pronounced by structural control as the geomorphic control.

• The large area (486 km2) of the basin is found under ‘good’ groundwater potential zone which is
extended to the southern and eastern parts and also scattered in some other parts of the basin. The
middle portion and part of western and eastern portions of the basin are characterised by ‘moderate’
groundwater potential, and cover an area of 353 km2. The ‘poor’ zone is the second dominant zone
in the study area which covers an area of 444 km2 and is found along the Western Ghats.
Md. Surabuddin Mondal, A. C. Pandey, R. D. Garg,” Groundwater Prospects Evaluation
Based On Hydrogeomorphological Mapping Using High Resolution Satellite Images: A
Case Study In Uttarakhand” J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 36:69–76

• The groundwater resources of the study area, Rishikesh region of Garhwal Himalayas, are
under threat due to population pressure caused by expanding tourism in this region.

• The groundwater prospect evaluation in Rishikesh region has been attempted based on
hydrogeomorphological mapping of the area consisting of thematic maps of
hydrogeomorphology, geology, drainage, lineament, slope and relief using high resolution
IRS-1C LISS III and PAN mergedsatellite images.

• The overlay analysis allows a linear combination of weights of each thematic map with
respect to ground water potential.

• Good groundwater prospects dominate in the area with more than 50% of the study area
showing moderate to excellent potential.
 Methods of Purification

1. Boiling

2. Filtration

3. Distillation

4. Chlorination

5. Electromagnetic radiation(UV)
 FILTRATION
Membrane Technology

• Membranes emerged as a viable means of water purification in the 1960s with the
development of high-performance synthetic membranes.

• They include microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and
nanofiltration (NF) membranes.

• Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer found in plants such as cotton. Cellulose acetate
membranes were the dominant choice for RO membranes until the advent of thin film
composite (TFC) RO membranes.
 Reverse Osmosis
• Reverse osmosis is a water purification technology that uses a semi-permeable membrane to
remove ions, molecules and large particles .

• RO is a technique employing a membrane which is “semi permeable” that is under the

influence of pressure a larger proportion of water (the solvent) passes through the membrane
than do the dissolved salts or organic molecules (the solutes).

• It filters both drinking and sewage water

• It removes particle larger than 0.01 microns.

• It can’t remove compounds like phosphate, nitrates and heavy metal ions.
 MEMBRANE CONSTRUCTION
• Consists of multiple “leaves” wound around a central core tube.

• The composite consists of three layers.

• Each layer leaf is made of gluing two membrane sheets together with permeate spacer in
between.

• A feed brine spacer is inserted in between each of the leaves

• After the membrane is rolled, it is wrapped in tape to hold the membrane leaves securely

• in place.
 Merits & Demerits of RO
The merits are :
1. RO technology has the ability to remove 95 to 99 percent of total dissolved solids as well
as chlorine taste and odor.
2. Low cost: Can save money over buying bottled water.
3. With an RO system, households can have great- tasting water to drink and cook with.
The demerits are :
1. Clogging
2. Slow process
3. Membrane fouling
4. Filter replacement
 Methods for removal of ions
• Ultra filtration membranes

• Polymer membranes

• Ion exchange resins

• Precipitative softening

• Electro deionisation
 Action plan

• Procedures to analyse the parameters and its availability , procedures for

analysing the samples were determined.

• The sample stations were partially fixed with the help of ward details and
street maps of Kovilpatti through Google map.