MIS 5113

Introduction to SQL
Structured Query
Language
 Possible Benefits of a Standard
Relational Language

• Reduce training costs

• Increase Productivity
• Increase application portability
• Increase application life
• Reduce dependence on a single
vendor
• Allow cross-system communication
 Possible Disadvantages of a
standard relational language
• Difficult to change, inhibits
innovation, new features
• Never enough to meet all needs
• Contains compromises
• Vendor-added features result in a
loss of portability
A simplified schematic of a typical
SQL environment
 Terminology
• Data Definition Language (DDL):
– Commands that define a database, including
creating, altering, and dropping tables and
establishing constraints.
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Commands that maintain and query a database.
• Data Control Language (DCL)
– Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Identify appropriate datatypes
• Identify columns that should allow null values
• Identify columns that need to be unique
• Identify all PK/FK mates
• Determine any default values to be inserted
• Identify columns which need a domain
specification
• Create the table
 DDL example in SQL
CREATE TABLE ORDER
(Order_Id char not null,
Order_Date date default sysdate,
Customer_Id char not null,
Constraint Order_pk primary key (order_Id) ,
Constraint Order_fk foreign key (Customer_Id
references Customer(Customer_Id));
Order_ID
Cust_ID
Customer Order
Order_Date
 Other DDL commands

• Drop table
• Alter table
• create index
• drop index
• Create view
• Drop view
• Create schema
 DML options

• Insert
• Delete
• Update
• Select/From/Where

Focus on Retrieval using SELECT

 Simple Select
Retrieve the entire Team table.
SELECT * FROM TEAM;

TeamNum Teamname City Coach

Produces the following result:
12 Dodgers Los Angeles Wilson
15 Giants San Francisco Johnson
20 Yankees New York Simpson
24 Tigers Detroit Corbin
 Select for specific Attributes

Find the numbers and names of all of

the teams.
SELECT TEAMNUM, TEAMNAME
FROM TEAM;
12 Dodgers
15 Giants
20 Yankees
24 Tigers
 Conditional Select (Restrict)
Retrieve the record for Team 20.
SELECT *
FROM TEAM
WHERE TEAMNUM=20;

TeamNum Teamname City Coach

Would produce the following result:
20 Yankees New York Simpson
 Operators for Conditional
Statements
• =
• AND, OR, NOT
• <, >,
• <=, >=, <>
• *, / (numeric comparisons)
• *, %, _ (string comparisons)
 Combination of Conditions
Which players, over 27 years old, have player numbers
of at least 1000?
SELECT PLAYNUM, PLAYNAME FROM PLAYER
WHERE AGE>27 AND PLAYNUM>=1000;

PlayNum Playname
1131 Johnson Age Position
5410 Smith
8366 Gomez
 ANDs and ORs

Which players are over 30 years old or

are less than 22 years old and have a
player number less than 2000?
SELECT * FROM PLAYER WHERE AGE>30
OR (AGE<22 AND PLAYNUM<2000);
358 Stevens 21
523 Doe 32
8366 Gomez 33
 Functions

• COUNT
• MIN
• MAX
• SUM
• AVG
 COUNT
• SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Order_Line
WHERE Order_Num=1004;
• SELECT COUNT(Prod_Desc) from
Product;
ORDER_LINE
Order_Num Prod_ID Quantity
PRODUCT
Prod_ID Prod_Desc Prod_Price
 MIN and MAX
SELECT MIN(Prod_Price) FROM Product
SELECT Prod_Id, Prod_Desc FROM Product
WHERE Prod_Price=
(SELECT MAX(Prod_Price) FROM
Product);
PRODUCT
Prod_ID Prod_Desc Prod_Price
 String Comparison

Which teams are based in Detroit?

SELECT TEAMNUM, TEAMNAME
FROM TEAM
WHERE CITY=‘Detroit’;

24 Tigers
 Between

Which players are between 25 and 27

years old?
SELECT PLAYNUM, PLAYNAME
FROM PLAYER WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND
27;
1779 Jones
2007 Dobbs
4280 Cohen
5410 Smith
 In

Which teams are in New York or

Detroit?
SELECT TEAMNUM
FROM TEAM
WHERE CITY IN (‘New York’, ‘Detroit’);
20
24
 Like

Find all of the players whose last

names begin with “S”.
SELECT PLAYNUM, PLAYNAME
FROM PLAYER
WHERE PLAYNAME LIKE ‘S%’;
358 Stevens
5410 Smith
8093 Smith
 Distinct

List the names of the companies that

manufacture bats for the league.
SELECT DISTINCT MANUF
FROM BAT;
Acme
General
United
Modern
 SQL Exercise

• Go to Lab
• Sign into MS SQL Server
• Work problems 1 - 10 in Pratt, page
70 - 71