Introduction

• A computer system consists of

 hardware
 system programs
 application programs
 History of Operating Systems (1)

Early batch system

 bring cards to 1401
 read cards to tape
 put tape on 7094 which does computing
 put tape on 1401 which prints output
 Computer Hardware Review (1)
Monitor

Bus

• Components of a simple personal computer

 Type of Computers

• Supercomputing: used for scientific computing

• Mainframes: used to be primary form of computer, used in centralized
computers, used in businesses for timesharing
• Servers: computers used to connect other computers to the internet,
printer, file sharing, etc.
• Desktops: Personal Computers
• Workstations: More powerful version of the personal computer
• Handheld: Smaller operating Systems for handhelds
• Real Time: Operating Systems for information that needs to be
updated in real time
• Embedded Systems: Systems that are found within another System
 History of Operating Systems

• First Operating System

• Originally developed in AT&T Bell Labs (now know as Lucent
Technologies)
• UNIX was taken to University of California Berkley leading to the
foundation of the Berkeley Standard Distribution
• UNIX then opened up the computer industry to many other UNIX type
operating systems and more
• To date, Apple MAC OS X is the most widely used desktop version of
UNIX
 Types of Operating Systems

• UNIX

• Linux

• Windows

• MAC OS

Go on to next page
 Linux

• Free UNIX-type operating

system
• Linus Torvalds started creating
in 1991
• Started out as MINIX then
formed into Linux
• Continuously updated
• Popular among college students
• Intended for small servers,
workstations, desktops, and
handhelds
• Cost: Free
 What is Unix?

A fully featured modern operating system

It is available in a variety of “flavors.”
It’s comprised of simple tools that perform a
single function well.
These tools can be used together to perform
complex tasks.
 A Little History First: UNIX
• Initial design by Ken Thompson, Dennis
Ritchie and others at AT&T's Bell Telephone
Laboratories (BTL) in 1969: 32 years ago!
• AT&T made the source available to
Universities for research and educational use.
• 1973 UNIX was rewritten in C resulting in
Version 4.
The C language was also originally designed and
developed for use on the UNIX system by Dennis
Ritchie
C was evolved from 'B', developed by Thompson.
 Commercialization
• Interactive Systems first commercial (1977)
• Microsoft and SCO release XENIX (1980)
• 1982 Bill Joy left Berkeley and founded Sun
Microsystems.
 SunOS originall based on BSD 4.2
 SunOS 5 (Solaris 2.X) was a collaborative effort based on
System V, release 4 (SVR4).
• AIX from IBM
• HP/UX from Hewlett Packard Corporation
• ULTRIX from Digitial Equipment Corporation, followed
by DEC OSF/1. DEC purchased by Compaq
 Unix is Made Up of

Processes
• Running Programs
User owned
System owned
Files
• Regular Files:
– Data
– Executables <-- usually start a process
• Directory Files
– Contain other files and directories
• Special Files
 Our View of the World
as Users

Your Shell
A shell is a process
that acts as an
interface to the OS. It
Unix Shell allows the user to run
programs individually
and together to
accomplish a task.
 Simple Unix
Directory Structure

usr etc home bin var ...

local bin ... class grad ugrad ...

Fred Kuhns () mmscott jpeckhar...

CS523S: Operating Systems
 Your First Command
Man(manual) -- Documentation is your friend

• Syntax: man topic

• man provides online documentation on nearly every
standard command and configuration file.
• Optional Syntax: man -k keyword
• man man for more details
 Special Directories

Home Directory
• /home/grad/jpeckhar
• ~jpeckhar
• ~
• A user generally has permission to freely manipulate
files within this directory and its children.
• Users start with their home directory as their pwd
when they login.
 Changing Directories

• The cd(Change Directory) command is used to

change directories
• cd path
• Paths can be relative or absolute
• pwd reports present working directory
• cd when entered by itself sets the pwd to the
user’s home directory.
 Other File System Utilities

• ls Lists all files in a directory

• cp Copies files
• mv Moves files
• rm Deletes files
• mkdir Makes directories
• rmdir Removes directories
 Basic Syntax

• ls ls
• cp cp source dest OR
cp source … dir
• mv mv source dest OR
mv source … dir
• rm rm file
• mkdir mkdir new directory name
• rmdir rmdir directory to be removed
 Using Other Commands
Syntax: command file

• cat Echos file contents to the screen

• grep Searches a file for a string
• more Echos a file a line at a time
• less Same as more but more features
• wc Counts the words in a file and more
• sort Sorts the contents of a file
 Pipes

• Pipes connect stdout of one command

to stdin of another comand.
i.e.
• ls | less
• cat student_list | grep senior | sort
 I/O Redirection

• I/O redirection allows the user to change

where input to a command or output from
a command goes to/comes from.
• cat student_list > outfile
• program < infile
• program < infile > outfile
 Standard File Handles

Every Unix process automatically comes with

three file handles or descriptors.
These are:
 Standard Input (stdin)
 Keyboard
 Standard Output (stdout)
 Display
 Standard Error (stderr)
 Display (unbuff)