Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics
• Heredity – the passing of traits from
parents to offspring

• Genetics: The scientific study of

heredity
 Mendelian Genetics
• Chromosomes- rod-shaped structures in
the nucleus that transmits genetic
information
• Genes- units of hereditary information
found on the chromosomes
 Important Vocabulary
• dominant- a gene that masks the expression of
another gene in a pair (Symbol- capital letter)
• recessive- a gene in a pair that is hidden by
the dominant gene (Symbol- lower case letter)
Parent 1 Parent 2
R = red r = yellow
dominant recessive

Offspring
Red (Rr)
dominant
 Important Vocabulary
• Homozygous- two genes in a pair that
are identical.
Ex. Homozygous dominant- RR GG
Homozygous recessive- rr gg
• Heterozygous- individual with one
dominant and one recessive
gene in a pair.
Ex. Rr or Gg
 Genotypes
• Homozygous = same alleles = PP, pp
• Heterozygous = different alleles = Pp

homozygous
dominant

heterozygous

homozygous
recessive
 Phenotype vs. genotype
• 2 organisms can have the same
phenotype but have different genotypes

purple PP homozygous dominant

purple Pp heterozygous Can’t tell

by lookin’
at ya!
 Important Vocabulary
Identify each of the pairs below as
homozygous dominant, homozygous
recessive, or heterozygous.
Yy Heterozygous rr Homozygous recessive
Tt Heterozygous SS Homozygous dominant
TT Homozygous dominant aa Homozygous recessive
Bb Heterozygous Ss Heterozygous
 Important Vocabulary
• Allele- each form of a gene for a certain trait
. Ex. B = dominant allele (brown eyes); b
= recessive allele (blue eyes)

Mutant allele Wild type

for blue eyes allele
producing producing
malfunctioning functional
protein protein
 Important Vocabulary
• Genotype- the pair of alleles represented
by the capital and lower case letters.
• Phenotype- the trait that is actually
expressed in an organism - “Physical trait”
Examples
Genotype Phenotype
YY yellow seeds
Yy yellow seeds
yy green seeds
 Important Vocabulary
• Examples of genotype and phenotype
 Important Vocabulary
• Examples of genotype of phenotype
Figure 14.5 Genotype versus phenotype
 Inheritance
• You get your genes from your parents
• In meiosis, half of the chromosomes in a
pair come from the Dad, half come from
the Mom
• What we know today is based on the work
of Gregor Mendel
 1822-1865
Gregor Mendel
-Austrian Monk
– pea plants in monastery garden
– COUNTED the plants and compiled data
(QUANTITATIVE APPROACH to science)

Paper was published in 1866,

but not enough was understood
to truly value this work.
Today known as
father of modern genetics
 Mendel chose to use plants that
were true-breeding…
• P generation – parentals; true-breeding
(On their own create identical offsprings)
parents that were cross-pollinated

• F1 generation – hybrid offspring of

parentals that were allowed to self-
pollinate

• F2 generation – offspring of F1’s

 *Flower color : purple (P) vs. white (p)

PP x pp

All Pp

PP, Pp & pp
 Figure 11-3 Mendel’s Seven F1
Crosses on Pea Plants
Section 11-1

Seed Seed Seed Coat Pod Pod Flower Plant

Shape Color Color Shape Color Position Height

Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall

Wrinkled Green White Constricted Yellow Terminal Short

Round Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall

Go to
Section:
 Making crosses
• Can represent alleles as letters
– flower color alleles  P or p
– true-breeding purple-flower peas  PP
– true-breeding white-flower peas  pp

P
X
PP x pp
purple white

F1
all purple
Pp
 Law of segregation P
PP
– during meiosis, alleles segregate P
• homologous chromosomes separate
– each allele for a trait is packaged into a p
separate gamete pp
p

P
Pp
p
Law of Segregation
• Which stage of
meiosis creates the
law of segregation?
Metaphase 1
Whoa!
And Mendel
didn’t even know
DNA or genes
existed!
 Mendel’s 3 Principles
Principle of Independent Assortment-
two or more pairs of genes segregate
independently of one another during the
formation of gametes
In other words…..
Just because a seed is round does not
mean that it has to be yellow.
 Mendel’s 3 principles
• Principle of Independent Assortment
R = round
r = wrinkled
RrYy
Y = yellow
y = green

RY Ry rY ry
Yellow Green Yellow Green
Round Round Wrinkled Wrinkled
 Punnett Square
• Device for predicting the results of a genetic
cross between individuals of a known
phenotype.
• Example
Character – flower color
Alleles – Purple (P) and white (p)
Note: Purple is dominant with a capital letter and
white is recessive shown with a lowercase of
dominant trait
Genotypic combos possible –
two dominants: PP (homozygous dominant)
two recessives: pp (homozygous recessive)
One of each: Pp (heterozygous)
 How does a Test cross work?
Am I Or am I
this?
x this?
x
PP pp Pp pp

p p p p

P Pp Pp P Pp Pp

P Pp Pp p pp pp

100% purple 50% purple:50% white or 1:1

 Monohybrid crosses –
only one character considered
Steps to do:
• Write out genotypes of parents
• Write out possible gametes produced
• Draw 4 box Punnett square
• Put one parent on the left side and one parent across the top
• Fill in boxes
• Determine genotypes by reading Punnett starting from top left
• Determine phenotypes by reading from genotype list
 Punnett Square Practice
Violet flowers are dominant to white flowers.
Diagram a Punnett Square for 2 heterozygous
flowers. What is the parents’
V v genotype(s)? Vv
What is the parents’
phenotypes(s)? violet

V VV Vv What is the genotypic ratio

for the offspring? 1:2:1
What is the probability of
producing a white flower?

v Vv vv (In percent) 25%

 Punnett Square Practice
Black rabbits are dominant over brown rabbits.
A heterozygous male is crossed with a brown
female.
What is the mother’s
B b genotype? bb
What is the father’s
genotype? Bb

b Bb bb Diagram a Punnett Square

for this cross.
What is the genotypic ratio? 1:1
What is the phenotypic

b Bb bb ratio? 1:1
 Dihybrid (Two-Factor)Cross
• Because genes separate independently we
can determine the possible outcomes of a
two-factor cross.
• Example: Guinea pig hair color and length
– B- black b- brown
– S- short s- long
F1 Hybrids for Hair Color and Length: BbSs
FOIL – First, Outer, Inner, Last
Possible gametes passed on to offspring:
BS, Bs, bS, and bs –place in punnett square
 Dihybrid
Crosses

BbSs x BbSs
 Dihybrid Cross
• Example: Watermelon color and shape
– G- green g- striped
– S- short s- long
– Cross two Hybrids for Shape and Color: GgSs
GS Gs gS gs
GS GGSS GGSs GgSS GgSs
Gs GGSs GGss GgSs Ggss

gS GgSS GgSs ggSS ggSs

gs GgSs Ggss ggSs ggss

 Dihybrid Cross
• Now that the Punnett square is complete,
determine the Phenotypic ratio 9
_______Green, short
GS Gs gS gs
GGSS GGSs GgSS GgSs
3
_______Green, long
Green, short Green, short Green, short Green, short
3
_______Striped, short
GS
GGSs GGss GgSs Ggss
1
_______Striped, long
Green, short Green, long Green, short Green, long

Therefore, the ratio is:

Gs GgSS GgSs ggSS ggSs 9:3:3:1
Green, short Green, short Striped, short Striped, short_________________

gS
GgSs Ggss ggSs ggss
Green, short Green, long Striped, short Striped, long

gs
 Mendel’s 3 principles
• Principle of Dominance- one factor (gene) in a
pair may prevent the other factor (gene) in a pair
from being expressed.
P
Parental
Round Wrinkled
RR rr
RR

F1
First Filial

All Round
Rr

F2
Second Filial
 Beyond Dominant and Recessive
• Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over
the other – something in the middle is
expressed

Ex. Red and White Snapdragons –

Make Pink (Like mixing paints)

p. 272 in your book

Red – RR White – WW Pink – RW
Only one phenotype for each one genotype
 Codominance
• Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

Ex. Cow Hair Color

RR – Red
WW – White
RW – Roan (Red & White)
 Incomplete Dominance
Example: Flower color is an incomplete
dominant trait. One red gene and one white
gene produces a pink flower.
• Cross two pink flowers. 1. What is the parents’
genotype? RW
R W 2.What is the parents’
phenotype? Pink
3. What is the genotypic ratio

R RR RW
for this cross? 1:2:1
4. What is the phenotypic ratio
for this cross? 1:2:1
5. What is the probability of
producing a red flower? 25%
W RW WW 6. What is the probability of
producing a pink flower? 50%
 Beyond Dominant and Recessive
• Multiple Alleles
Genes have more then
two alleles
Ex. Blood Type
Color Coats in Rabbits
A and B are also
codominant
BLOOD TYPES
 Blood types
• Diagram a cross for a man with blood type
AB and a woman with blood type O.
What is the children’s
A B genotype(s)? AO, BO
What is the children’s
phenotypes(s)? Blood type A or B

O AO BO
What is probability of
producing a child with blood
type O? (in percent) 0
What is the probability of

O AO BO
producing a child with blood
type B? (In percent) 50%
 Sex-linked traits
• Sex-linked traits- traits that are controlled
by genes found on the sex chromosomes.
The X chromosome contains the gene and
the Y chromosome does not.
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans
have? 23
• What is the difference between male and
female chromosomes? Pair # 23
Female – XX and Male – XY
 Karyotype – Picture of
Chromosomes
1-22 Autosomal
23 Sex
Chromosomes

Is this karyotype for

a male or female?
 Sex-Linked Genes
• Ex.
Colorblindness
is carried on
the sex-
chromosomes
• It is a
recessive trait
 Sex-Linked Punnett Square
• N – Normal Vision and n - Colorblind
n N n
• X Y crossed with X X - colorblind Male x Carrier Female
Xn Y
XNXn
1. What is the female’s genotype?

2. What is the male’s genotype?XnY

XN XN Xn XNY
3. What is the probability of producing a
colorblind child? 50%
Xn Xn Xn XnY 4. What is the probability of producing a
colorblind female? 25%
5. What is the phenotypic ratio for this

cross? 1:1:1:1
 Pedigrees
Pedigree- Diagram showing the inheritance of a
trait in a family

*Colored
boxes and
circles show
the trait
Pedigrees
 Pedigrees
• Curly hair is dominant cc Cc
straight curly
and straight hair is
recessive. The
colored figures in the
pedigree show which
individuals have
Cc Cc C? cc cc
straight hair. curly curly curly straight straight
Determine the
genotypes and
phenotypes for the
pedigree in the
diagram cc C? cc Cc C? Cc
straight curly straight curly curly curly
Any Questions??