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Mendelian Genetics
• Heredity – the passing of traits from
parents to offspring
Offspring
Red (Rr)
dominant
Important Vocabulary
• Homozygous- two genes in a pair that
are identical.
Ex. Homozygous dominant- RR GG
Homozygous recessive- rr gg
• Heterozygous- individual with one
dominant and one recessive
gene in a pair.
Ex. Rr or Gg
Genotypes
• Homozygous = same alleles = PP, pp
• Heterozygous = different alleles = Pp
homozygous
dominant
heterozygous
homozygous
recessive
Phenotype vs. genotype
• 2 organisms can have the same
phenotype but have different genotypes
purple Pp heterozygous
Can’t tell
by lookin’
at ya!
Important Vocabulary
Identify each of the pairs below as
homozygous dominant, homozygous
recessive, or heterozygous.
Yy Heterozygous rr Homozygous recessive
Tt Heterozygous SS Homozygous dominant
TT Homozygous dominant aa Homozygous recessive
Bb Heterozygous Ss Heterozygous
Important Vocabulary
• Allele- each form of a gene for a certain
trait . Ex. B = dominant allele (brown
eyes); b = recessive allele (blue eyes)
PP x pp
All Pp
PP, Pp & pp
Figure 11-3 Mendel’s Seven F1
Crosses on Pea Plants
Section 11-1
Go to
Section:
Making crosses
• Can represent alleles as letters
– flower color alleles P or p
– true-breeding purple-flower peas PP
– true-breeding white-flower peas pp
P X
PP x pp
purple white
F1
all purple
Pp
Law of segregation P
PP
– during meiosis, alleles segregate P
• homologous chromosomes separate
– each allele for a trait is packaged into a p
separate gamete pp
p
P
Pp
p
Law of Segregation
• Which stage of
meiosis creates the
law of segregation?
Metaphase 1
Whoa!
And Mendel
didn’t even know
DNA or genes
existed!
Mendel’s 3 Principles
Principle of Independent Assortment-
two or more pairs of genes segregate
independently of one another during the
formation of gametes
In other words…..
Just because a seed is round does not
mean that it has to be yellow.
Mendel’s 3 principles
• Principle of Independent Assortment
R = round
r = wrinkled
RrYy
Y = yellow
y = green
RY Ry rY ry
Yellow Green Yellow Green
Round Round Wrinkled Wrinkled
Punnett Square
• Device for predicting the results of a genetic cross
between individuals of a known phenotype.
• Example
Character – flower color
Alleles – Purple (P) and white (p)
Note: Purple is dominant with a capital letter and
white is recessive shown with a lowercase of
dominant trait
Genotypic combos possible –
two dominants: PP (homozygous dominant)
two recessives: pp (homozygous recessive)
One of each: Pp (heterozygous)
How does a Test cross work?
Am I Or am I
this?
x this?
x
PP pp Pp pp
p p p p
P Pp Pp P Pp Pp
P Pp Pp p pp pp
BbSs x BbSs
Dihybrid Cross
• Example: Watermelon color and shape
– G- green g- striped
– S- short s- long
– Cross two Hybrids for Shape and Color: GgSs
GS Gs gS gs
GS GGSS GGSs GgSS GgSs
Gs GGSs GGss GgSs Ggss
gS
GgSs Ggss ggSs ggss
Green, short Green, long Striped, short Striped, long
gs
Mendel’s 3 principles
• Principle of Dominance- one factor (gene) in a
pair may prevent the other factor (gene) in a pair
from being expressed.
P
Parental
Round Wrinkled
RR rr
RR
F1
First Filial
All Round
Rr
F2
Second Filial
Beyond Dominant and Recessive
• Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over
the other – something in the middle is
expressed
RR – Red
WW – White
RW – Roan (Red & White)
Incomplete Dominance
Example: Flower color is an incomplete
dominant trait. One red gene and one white
gene produces a pink flower.
• Cross two pink flowers. 1. What is the parents’
genotype? RW
R W 2.What is the parents’
phenotype? Pink
3. What is the genotypic ratio
R RR RW
for this cross? 1:2:1
4. What is the phenotypic ratio
for this cross? 1:2:1
5. What is the probability of
RW WW
producing a red flower? 25%
6. What is the probability of
producing a pink flower? 50%
Beyond Dominant and Recessive
• Multiple Alleles
Genes have more then
two alleles
Ex. Blood Type
Color Coats in Rabbits
A and B are also
codominant
BLOOD TYPES
Blood types
• Diagram a cross for a man with blood type
AB and a woman with blood type O.
What is the children’s
A B genotype(s)? AO, BO
What is the children’s
phenotypes(s)? Blood type A or B
O AO BO
What is probability of
producing a child with blood
type O? (in percent) 0
What is the probability of
AO BO producing a child with blood
type B? (In percent) 50%
Sex-linked traits
• Sex-linked traits- traits that are controlled by genes
found on the sex chromosomes. The X
chromosome contains the gene and the Y
chromosome does not.
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
• What is the difference between male and female
23
chromosomes?
Female – and Male –
Pair # 23
XX XY
Karyotype – Picture of
Chromosomes
1-22 Autosomal
23 Sex
Chromosomes
*Colored
boxes and
circles show
the trait
Pedigrees
Pedigrees
• Curly hair is dominant cc Cc
straight curly
and straight hair is
recessive. The colored
figures in the pedigree
show which individuals
have straight hair.
Determine the Cc Cc C? cc cc
curly curly curly straight straight
genotypes and
phenotypes for the
pedigree in the diagram
cc C? cc Cc C? Cc
straight curly straight curly curly curly
Any Questions??