BARRUN, WILLIAM HARRY

CAMACHO, SEAN SIMON

DELFIN, HANAH GRACE
TUICO, DIOSSALYN
SPIRITUAL SELF
RELIGION AND BELIEFS
SPIRITS & MYTHICAL CREATURES
URBAN LEGENDS
 SPIRITUAL SELF
-is the most intimate, inner subjective
part of self
-can be seen in the expression of
religion, beliefs, and practices
-seeks the meaning of life all
throughout its journey.
RELIGION
According to Rebecca Stein 2011:
-is a set of cultural beliefs or
practices that usually includes
some or all of the following basic
characteristics:
Characteristics
1. A belief in an anthropomorphic
supernatural being, such as
spirit and gods.
2. A focus on the sacred
supernatural, where sacred
refers to reverence and awe
Characteristics
3. The presence of supernatural
power of energy that is found
on supernatural beings as well
as physical beings and objects
4. The performance of ritual
activities to influence/control
events
Characteristics
5. The articulation of worldview
and moral codes through
narratives and other means
6. Provide the creation and
maintenance of social bonds
and mechanism of social
control within a community
RITUAL
-performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by a tradition or
sacred law.
-is specific, observable mode of
behavior exhibited by all known
societies.
There are three fundamental
characteristics of rituals according
to Pener.
1. A feeling or emotion of
respect, awe, fascination or
dread in relation to the sacred.
2. Dependence upon a belief
system that is usually express
in the language of myth
3. Is symbolic in relation to its
reference
FIVE MAJOR RELIGIONS
Hinduism
Judaism
Christianity
Buddhism
Islam
 Hinduism (900 million followers)
-an Indian religion and dharma, or
a way of life, widely practiced in the
Indian subcontinent and parts of
Southeast Asia. It is said the oldest
religion which it may date to the
prehistoric times.
 Hinduism BELIEFS
no single founder or leader
Existence is a cycle of birth, death
and rebirth, governed by Karma.
Karma is a concept where the
reincarnated life will depend on
how the past life was spent.
 Hinduism BELIEFS
Vedas are sacred scriptures of
Hindus
Mahabharata and Ramayana are
two other important texts of the
Hindus
 CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
Diwali and Navrati are the most
celebrated festivals of Hindus
Diwali is the festival of lights while
Navrati is the festival of nine
nights which celebrate the triumph
of good over evil
 Judaism (14 million followers)

– the Hebrew leader Abraham

founded Judaism around 2000 B.C.
Judaism is the oldest of the
monotheistic faith.
 Judaism Beliefs
Believed in the God of Abraham,
who liberated the Hebrew slaves
from Egypt to Canaan
Believed in the coming of Messiah,
the Savior, and in their sacred
scriptures called Torah or the Law
 CUSTOMS & PRACTICES
Five major festivals observed by Jews:
Rosh Hashanah- The New Year
Yom Kippur- the Day of Atonement
Pesach- Passover
Shavuot- Pentecost
Sukkot- Tabernacles
 Christianity (2.1 billion followers)

-founded by Jesus Christ, who was

crucified around A.D. 30 in
Jerusalem. It was after his death
when his followers came to believe
in him as the Christ, the Messiah.
 Christianity Beliefs
Holy Trinity (God the Father, the
Son and the Holy Spirit)
Salvation comes from faith in Jesus
Christ (The Son)
Teachings are from the Bible:
(Old and New Testament)
 Customs and Practices

The Sacrament of Baptism- birth in

the Christian World
The Sacrament of Communion-
remembrance of Christ’s sacrificial
love for us
 Customs and Practices

Christmas- (December 25) birth of

Jesus Christ
Resurrection (Easter)- (March or
April) depends on the lunar calendar,
resurrection of Jesus Christ
 Buddhism (376 million followers)
– founded by Siddhartha Gautama,
called the Buddha, in the 4th or 5th
century B.C. in India. It is a path a
practice and spiritual development
leading to Insight into the true
nature of reality.
 Buddhism Beliefs
Life is suffering.
They believe in the reactive cycle of
wanting and hating, like and dislike,
and craving and aversion.
These can only be broken through
meditation, wisdom & understanding
 Customs and Practices
Major Buddhist celebrations:
Parinirvana Day- February
Buddha (Wesak) Day- May
Dharma Day- July
Padmasambhava Day- October
Sangha Day- November
 Customs and Practices
Meditation Practices:
Samatha- mindfulness of breathing
and development of loving kindness
Vipassana- developing insight into
reality
Dharma- teachings of Buddha
 Customs and Practices
Right Right view
mindfulness Right intentions
Right
Right speech
concentration
Right effort Right action
Right livelihood
 Islam (1.8 billion followers)
– founded in Arabia by Muhammad
between A.D. 610 and A.D. 632. It is
an Abrahamic monotheistic religious
group teaching that there is only one
God (Allah) and that Muhammad is
the messenger of God
 Islam Beliefs

Allah (One God)- unity and

universality of God
Mohammed is the last and final
prophet sent by God
Quran- holy book of Islam
 Customs and Practices
5 pillars of Islam- foundation
Shahadah- statement of faith
“There is no other God but only one
true God and Mohammed is his
messenger”
Salat- prayer practiced 5 times a day
 Customs and Practices
Zakat- monetary offering for the
benefit of the poor (2.5% of assets)
Hajj- yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
Sawm- the fasting (dawn to sunset)
during the celebration of Ramadan
(the 9 month in the Islamic calendar)
th
 Customs and Practices
Two major festivals:
Eidul-Fitr- celebration at the end
of Ramadan
Eidul-Adha- celebrated within the
completion of the pilgrimage, the
Hajj
– has healing powers, put
people to sleep, and turn
people into stones
– a legendary chicken of the
Maranao people who
originated from Mindanao
– a shapeshifting evil spirit
– a combination of a vampire, ghoul,
witch and a were-beast. They were
described within these characteristics:
(1) that its diet consists mainly of
human liver and blood
(2) that it has an unholy preference for
unborn children
(3) that it is also known to prey upon
children and sick people.
– sometimes confused with aswang, is
a sighted creature of the Philippines.
- An evil, man-eating and blood-
sucking monster
– it is described as a hideous, scary,
(usually) female, and capable of
severing its upper torso and sprouting
bat-like wings to fly at night in search
for its victims.
– a vampiric creature in Philippine
mythology that imitates the form of a
child, and cries like one in the jungle
to attract unwary travelers.
– once it is picked up by the victim, it
reverts to its true form and attacks the
victim. It is also sometimes depicted
as one who leads the travelers astray
and abducts children.
 – creature with the body of a man
and the head and hooves of a horse,
lurks in the mountains and the
forests.
–sometimes they referred as elf or
fairy; usually resides in large trees,
such as acacia and balete and were
understood as the guardian spirits of
nature.
–It is a type of a deity or a spirit and is
believed to be casting blessings or
curses upon those who brought
benefits or harm to the forests and
mountains.
also known as Sasquatch, is a hairy,
upright-walking, ape-like creature who
reportedly dwells in the wilderness
and leaves behind footprints.
There’s also its counterpart – the Yeti
(also known as the Abominable
Snowman) – an ape-like cryptid similar
to Bigfoot, that inhabits the Himalayas.
-originated in Latin America; alleged
creature reputed to attack and drink
the blood of livestock, occasionally
with bat-like features
– is a being from folklore that subsists
by feeding on the vital force of the
living. They were also known for
drinking human blood.
–In European folklore, vampires were
undead beings that often visited loved
ones and caused mischief or deaths in
the neighborhoods they inhabited
when they were alive.
-it is generally a supernatural being
found in various religions and
mythologies.
-In Abrahamic religions and
Zoroastrianism, angels are often
depicted as benevolent celestial
beings who act as intermediaries
between God or Heaven and humanity.
-a supernatural and often malevolent
being prevalent in religion, occultism,
literature, fiction, mythology and
folklore.
-urban myth, tale or contemporary
legend is a form of modern folklore. It
usually consists of fictional stories
often presented as true, with macabre
or humorous elements, rooted in local
popular culture.
These legends can be used for
entertainment purposes, as well as
semi-serious explanations for random
events such as disappearances and
strange objects.
Examples: Annabelle Doll,
The story from the Conjuring,
-urban myth, tale or contemporary
legend is a form of modern folklore. It
usually consists of fictional stories
often presented as true, with macabre
or humorous elements, rooted in local
popular culture.
-are horror-related legends or images
that have been copied and pasted
around the internet. These Internet
entries are often brief, user-generated,
paranormal stories intended to scare
readers.
They include gruesome tales
of murder, suicide, and
otherworldly occurrences.