SPUTUM, TISSUE, AMNIOTIC

FLUID & SEMEN DISCHARGE

GROUP 2
Sputum
 SPUTUM
• Sputum is a specimen that is produced on
the respiratory tract on an individual. It is
used to determine RTI’s or Respiratory Tract
Infections. Respiratory Tract Infections
include:
• Influenza
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
 SPUTUM
• When the body is infected, our body produces
excess sputum. Smoking, asthma, cystic fibrosis,
and RTI’s.

• Sputum is determined by the color of the phlegm. For

those patients who has RTI’s, normally, the color is
dark green if the infection just started and becomes
lighter as time goes by, thick and unpleasant odor of
the sputum is present for bacterial RTI’s
 SPUTUM
• Sputum Culture Test is done to
determine such RTI’s. Gram stain is
usually used for Sputum Culture
Test. If no bacteria has been
detected, AFB Smear and Culture to
detect Tuberculosis and the like and
mycobacteria infections, fungal
culture, or Legionella Culture.
PROCEDURE
 SPUTUM
• To obtain sputum from the lungs, the patient
must cough deeply.
• If not obtained easily, the patient will be
asked to inhale sterile saline or glycerine
solution, steam inhalation is also used to
easily get phlegm from the lungs.
 SPUTUM
• Specimen should not be refrigerated since at
low temperatures, the specimen might
crystallize and ruin the sample and we might
get inaccurate results.
• Specimen must also be kept at room
temperature and must be protected from
heat and light
Tissue
 TISSUE
• Tissues are groups of cells that
have a similar structure and act
together to perform a specific
function. The word tissue comes
from a form of an old French
verb meaning “to weave”. There
are four different types of
tissues in animals:
connective, muscle, nervous, and
epithelial.
TISSUE
 consists of tightly packed sheets of cells that cover
surfaces—including the outside of the body—and
line body cavities.
Epithelial cells are polarized, meaning that they
have a top and a bottom side. The apical, top, side
of an epithelial cell faces the inside of a cavity or
the outside of a structure and is usually exposed to
fluid or air. The basal, bottom, side faces the
underlying cells. For instance, the apical sides of
intestinal cells have finger-like structures that
increase surface area for absorbing nutrients.
Eukaryotic cell:
 “Connective tissue”
• Connective tissue consists of cells suspended in an extracellular
matrix. In most cases, the matrix is made up of protein fibers like
collagen and fibrin in a solid, liquid, or jellylike ground substance.
Connective tissue supports and, as the name suggests, connects
other tissues.
• Loose connective tissue, show below, is the most common type of
connective tissue. It's found throughout your body, and it supports
organs and blood vessels and links epithelial tissues to the muscles
underneath. Dense, or fibrous, connective tissue is found in
tendons and ligaments, which connect muscles to bones and bones
to each other, respectively.

Animal primary tissue:

Specialized forms of connective
tissue include adipose tissue—body fat—
bone, cartilage, and blood, in which the
extracellular matrix is a liquid called
plasma.
 Muscle tissue
• Muscle tissue is essential for
keeping the body upright,
allowing it to move, and even
pumping blood and pushing food
through the digestive tract.

Animal primary tissue:

• Skeletal muscle, which is also called striated—
striped—muscle, is what we refer to as muscle in
everyday life. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by
tendons, and it allows you to consciously control your
movements. For instance, the quads in your legs or
biceps in your arms are skeletal muscle.
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the
heart. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated,
or striped.. The individual fibers are connected by
structures called intercalated disks, which allow
them to contract in sync.
• Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is not striped,
striated, and it's involuntary, not under conscious
control. That means you don't have to think about
moving food through your digestive tract!
 “Nervous tissue”
Nervous tissue is involved in sensing
stimuli—external or internal cues—and
processing and transmitting information. It
consists of two main types of cells: neurons,
or nerve cells, and glia.

Animal Primary Tissue:

 TISSUE
COLLECTION
• Done in HISTOLOGICAL analysis
• Primary concern for Tissue Testing is its fragility and
subject to autolysis.
• Tissue MUST NOT BE DEHYDRATED and it must be covered
in with saline-moistened gauze or an inverted plastic cup
while performing frozen sections.
• FORMALIN or ALCOHOL-FIXATION and PARAFFIN can be
used to preserve tissues.
• After collection, tissue specimen is contained on a glass
container filled with WATER THAT IS MIXED WITH
FORMALDEHYDE.
 TISSUE
COLLECTION
• Done in order confirming clinical diagnosis by
HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• Tissues are collected for HISTOPATHOLOGY,
PARASITOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND CULTURE.
• Tissue that is taken out of the body for diagnosis purposes
is called biopsy and a tissue that is taken out of the body
for treatment purposes is called resection.
PROCEDURE
Amniotic Fluid
 AMNIOTIC FLUID
• Amniotic Fluid is a yellow sac that
surrounds the fetus on the uterus during
pregnancy. It is responsible for:
• Protection against antigens since it amniotic fluids has
antibodies
• Regulates temperature maintaining the warm temperature
inside the temperature.
• Protection against outside pressures and cushions the fetus
• Develops the muscular and skeletal system since the fetus is
allowed to move around the sac and it enhances the strength of
the muscles and the bones.
• Develops the respiratory and digestive tract since the fetus is
free to swallow and breathe inside the amniotic fluid and it
circulates and enhances the digestion and circulatory of air
inside the body of the fetus.
What is amniotic fluid?
• Amniotic fluid is an important part of
pregnancy and fetal development. This watery
fluid is inside a casing called the amniotic
membrane (or sac) and fluid surrounds the
fetus throughout pregnancy. Fluid is produced
by the fetal lungs and kidneys. It is taken up
with fetal swallowing and sent across the
placenta to the mother's circulation
• During the procedure:

An amniocentesis may be performed on an

outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital.
Procedures may vary depending on your condition
and your doctor’s practices.
Risks of the procedure
As with any invasive procedure, complications may occur.
Some possible complications may include, but are not
limited to, the following:
Cramping
Bleeding or leaking of amniotic fluid from the puncture
site or the vagina
Infection
Miscarriage
Preterm labor

The risk of miscarriage is generally considered to be

less than one percent after an amniocentesis in the second
trimester of pregnancy. This is only slightly higher than the
normal risk of miscarriage without an amniocentesis at this
time in pregnancy.

People who are allergic to or sensitive to

medications or latex should notify their doctor.
After the procedure
• You and your fetus will be monitored for a time after
the procedure. Your vital signs and the fetal heart rate
will be checked periodically for an hour or longer.
Amniotic fluid for genetic and chromosome testing will
be sent to a specialty genetics lab for analysis. Alpha-
fetoprotein, a protein made by the fetus that is present
in the fluid, may also measured to rule out an open
neural tube defect, such as spina bifida. You may feel
some cramping during or after the amniocentesis. If
you feel lightheaded, dizzy, or nauseated, notify the
nurse. You may be instructed to rest on your left side.
• You should rest at home and avoid strenuous activities
for at least 24 hours, or as directed by your doctor.
Semen Analysis
Why Get Tested?
• Infertility test
• Verification of post vasectomy
• Paternity testing

What is being tested?

• A complete semen analysis measures the
quantity and quality of the fluid released
during ejaculation. It evaluates both the
liquid portion, called semen or seminal fluid,
and the microscopic, moving cells called
sperm. It is often used in the evaluation of
male infertility. A shorter version of this test
checks solely for the presence of sperm in
semen a few months after a man has had a
vasectomy to determine whether the surgery
was successful.
COMPONENTS FOR SEMEN ANAYLSIS

1. TESTES
• Sperm cell production
2. SEMINAL VESICLE
• Produces fructose which provides nutrition for the sperm
cell.
3. PROSTATE GLAND
• Provides acidity and enzymes for coagulation and
liquefaction.
4. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
• For alkalinity of the semen itself.
To get the best sample:
 Abstinence for 24 to 72 hours before the test.
 Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and drugs such
as cocaine and marijuana two to five days before the test.
 Stop taking any herbal medications.
 Avoid any hormone medications as instructed by your
healthcare provider.
 Store the specimen on a warm and sterile glass (not plastic)

Safety Precautions
If non-disposable items are used, soak contaminated
items(eg, hemocytometers and coverslips) in 70% alcohol or
other appropriate decontaminate.
All disposable items should be placed in a biohazard bag.
Non-latex or powder-free latex disposable gloves must be
worn and hands thoroughly washed when the examination
is completed.
Seminal fluids that are to be discarded should be placed in
biohazard bags.
 REFERENCE VALUES DURING SEMEN
ANALYSIS
COLOR: Gray-white, translucent
VOLUME: 2-5mL
VISCOSITY: pour like droplets
pH LEVEL: 7.2 - 8
CONCENTRATION: >20million/mL
COUNT: >40million/ejaculate
MOTILITY: >50% within 1hr with a rating of a,
b
QUALITY OF MOVEMENT: >2.0 or fair
MORPHOLOGY: 4%-14% normal forms (strict
criteria)
 ABNORMAL RESULTS

COLOR:

• White, turbid- infection

• Red- presence of RBC’s on the blood
• Yellow- presence of urine or prolonged
abstinence. Sometimes caused by
medications being taken.
 ABNORMAL
VOLUME:
RESULTS
DECREASED- due to infertility or less
sperm cell being produced by the testes.
 REFERENCE
RESULTS
VISCOSITY:

0 – water like
1–
2–
3–
4–
5 – gel like
PROCEDUR
MOTILITY:

# OF MOTILE SPERM CELLS

_______________________ X100%

TOTAL # OF SPERM CELL

Reference Value: >50%/hr

 GRADING SCALE
MOTILITY:

4- Rapid straight line motility

3- Slower speed, some lateral movement
2- Slow forward movement, more lateral
1- No forward progression
0- No movement

(The WHO or World Health Organization

uses letters instead of numbers used for
grading)
 SPERM
•
CONCENTRATION
Count mature sperm cells not round
cells
• Diluting fluid: sodium carbonate +
formalin
• Reference value: >20million/mL

RBC Pipet: 5 RBC counting squares

Sperm conc= total sperm count x 1 million

WBC Pipet: 2 WBC counting squares

Sperm conc= total sperm count x 100,000
 SPERM COUNT
FORMULA:

sperm concentration x volume

Reference value: >40million/ejaculate

THANK YOU!