CHAPTER 7

Circulatory, Lymphatic,
and Immune Systems
Prepared by:
Delos Reyes, Dominic M.
Jaca, Carmela Ruby
Llaneta, Jamielynn
Carbonel, Maio
The Circulatory System
 The Circulatory System transports blood
containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body and picks up metabolic waste products for
disposal.
 Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the
heart and the lungs for gas exchange
 Systemic circulation carries blood between the
heart and the rest of the body’s tissues.
The Heart
The Heart
 Is the major structure of the circulatory system
 It is a muscular organ that pumps blood through
contraction and circulates it throughout the body
 It is located in the thoracic cavity behind and
slightly to the left of the sternum, between the
lungs.
Layers
 Pericardium supports and lubricates the heart
during contraction
 Epicardium, the outer layer
 Myocardium, the middle layer
 Endocardium, the innermost layer
Chambers
 Atria, the upper chambers on each sides of the
heart
 Ventricles, the lower chambers
 Interatrial Septum, divides the two atria
 Interventricular Septum, divides the two
ventricles
Valves
 Right Atrioventricular (AV) valve, also called the
Tricuspid valve
 Pulmonary semilunar (pulmonic) valve
 Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve, also called the
Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve
 Aortic semilunar valve
Circulation Through
the Heart
Contraction of the Heart and Blood
Pressure
 The contraction, called Systole, develops pressure
and forces blood through the system
 The relaxation, called Diastole, allows the
chamber to fill again
 Sphygmomanometer, used to measure blood
pressure
Blood Vessels
 blood vessels have three discrete layers
surrounding the lumen, or the space in which
blood flows. The tunica adventitia, or outer
layer; the tunica media, or middle layer; and the
tunica intima, or inner layer
 Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
Arteries
 are blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart. They have thick walls because the blood
that moves through them is under pressure from
the contraction of the ventricles.
 Arteries branch into smaller vessels called
arterioles, which ultimately branch to form
capillaries.
Arteries
 Ischemia, lack of oxygen in the arteries that
causes damage to the muscle
 A Myocardial Infarction (MI, or heart attack)
occurs when the heart receives inadequate blood
supply through the coronary arteries.
Capillaries
 Capillaries are composed only of the tunica
intima, a single layer of endothelial cells. This
allows rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients
between tissues and blood across the capillary
membrane.
Veins
 Veins carry blood back toward the heart. Veins
have thinner walls and less muscle than arteries
do, because they do not experience large
fluctuations in blood pressure. Veins are closer to
the surface than are arteries.
Circulatory Anatomy of the Antecubital
Fossa
 The Antecubital Fossa is the area just distal to
the elbow joint where blood is usually drawn.
Becoming familiar with the anatomy of this area
will help you draw blood safely and confidently.
 On the anterior surface (where blood is drawn),
the most prominent of these are the cephalic
vein, the median cubital vein, and the basilic
vein. Veins may branch multiple times, some
smaller veins may be absent, or they may be
located in unusual places.
Circulatory Anatomy of the Antecubital
Fossa
 A more common (although still rare) complication
arises from the position of two nerves that also
pass through this busy intersection. The external
cutaneous nerve passes close to the cephalic vein,
and the internal cutaneous nerve passes close to
the basilica vein.
The Blood
 An average adult has 5 to 6 L of blood. Plasma
constitutes 55% of the volume of blood. The most
significant elements of plasma are albumin
• Immunoglobulins
• Fibrinogen
• Complement
 Electrolytes include the major ions of plasma—
sodium (Na1) and chloride (Cl2), plus potassium
(K1), calcium (Ca21), magnesium (Mg21),
bicarbonate (HCO32), phosphate (PO432), and
sulfate (SO422) ions.
 Plasma samples are collected in tubes with a top
that is one of these colors: light blue, royal blue,
pink, pearl, gray, green, light green, or tan.
 Serum is formed when a blood sample is collected
in a glass or plastic container that has no
additives and is induced to clot (a serum
separator tube is used for this purpose). The
serum is separated from the clotted material by
centrifugation.
 The formed elements constitute 45% of blood
volume. Of these, 99% are red blood cells (RBCs),
with white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets
making up the rest.
 Serum is formed when a blood sample is collected
in a glass or plastic container that has no
additives and is induced to clot (a serum
separator tube is used for this purpose). The
serum is separated from the clotted material by
centrifugation.
 The formed elements constitute 45% of blood
volume. Of these, 99% are red blood cells (RBCs),
with white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets
making up the rest.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
 RBCs carry hemoglobin, the iron-containing
oxygen transport protein that gives blood its red
color.
 Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissue
 Remove carbon dioxide from our body
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
 Reticulocyte - Laboratory test that measure the
number of reticulocyte
-Its immature of Red blood cell
 Erythrocyte - or Red blood cell
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
 Leukocytes
 Protect the body against infection.
 An important feature of all WBCs is their ability
to recognize specific molecules on the surface of
infectious agents
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
 This molecular recognition is responsible for the
extraordinary ability of the immune system to
protect the body against the daily threat of
attack from bacteria, viruses, and other
infectious organisms
Two major categories of
leukocytes exist:
 Granulocytes – characterized the
presence of visible granules in their
cytoplasm.
The granulocytes include :
• Neutrophils.
• Eosinophils.
• Basophils.
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
Two major categories of leukocytes
exist:
 Mononuclear leukocytes - have larger,
unsegmented nuclei. They include lymphocytes
and monocytes. They all contain powerful
chemicals that destroy foreign cells and signal
other parts of the immune system.
Platelets
 are created in the bone marrow from
megakaryocytes, which package and release them
into the circulation. Although they are also called
thrombocytes, platelets are not actually cells;
they are simply membrane-bound packets of
cytoplasm.
Hemostasis
 refers to the processes by which blood vessels
are repaired after injury. It occurs in a series of
steps, from muscular contraction of the vessel
walls, through clot formation, to removal of the
clot when the vessel repairs itself
Stages of Hemostasis
 Vascular Phase
 Platelet Phase
 Coagulation Phase
Vascular Phase
 Rupture of a vein or artery causes an immediate
vascular spasm, or contraction of the smooth
muscle lining the vessel. This reduces the vessel
diameter, substantially reducing the blood loss
that would otherwise occur.
Platelet Phase
 Exposure of materials beneath the endothelial
lining causes platelets to stick to the endothelial
cells almost immediately, a process known as
adhesion.
 Additional platelets then stick to these, a process
known as aggregation
Platelet Phase
 The combination of the vascular phase and the
platelet phase is called primary hemostasis. The
next phase, coagulation, is known as secondary
hemostasis.
Coagulation Phase
 Coagulation involves a complex and highly
regulated cascade of enzymes and other factors
whose activation ultimately results in formation
of a blood clot—a meshwork of fibrin, platelets,
and other blood cells that closes off the wound
Coagulation is initiated through two
different pathways:
 Extrinsic pathway - begins with the release of
tissue factor by endothelial cells, which combines
with calcium ions and coagulation factor VII from
the plasma to form an active enzyme.
 Intrinsic pathway - is initiated when other
plasma coagulation factors contact the materials
exposed when the blood vessel is damaged
(similar to platelet adhesion)
Fibrinolysis
 Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots
from growing and becoming problematic.
 Two types
Primary fibrinolysis refers to the normal
breakdown of clots.
Secondary fibrinolysis is the breakdown of
blood clots due to a medical disorder, medicine, or
other cause. This may cause severe bleeding.
Causes
 Blood clots form on a protein called fibrin. The
breakdown of fibrin (fibrinolysis) can be due to:
• Bacterial infections
• Cancer
• Intense exercise
• Low blood sugar
• Not enough oxygen to tissues
Blood Disorders
 Anemia is a medical condition caused due to
decrease in the total amount of red blood cells or
hemoglobin in the blood.
 Types of anemia:
Aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle
cell anemia, pernicious anemia, and anemia of
chronic disease.
Blood Disorders
 Malaria: A mosquito's bite transmits a parasite
into a person's blood, where it infects red blood
cells.
Blood Disorders Affecting White Blood
Cells
 Lymphoma : A form of blood cancer that develops
in the lymph system.
 Leukemia : A form of blood cancer in which a
white blood cell becomes malignant and
multiplies inside bone marrow.
 Myelodysplastic syndrome: A family of blood
cancers that affect the bone marrow.
Blood Disorders Affecting Platelets

 Essential thrombocytosis (primary

thrombocythemia): The body produces too many
platelets, due to an unknown cause
 Thrombocytopenia: A low number of platelets in
the blood
Lymphatic Vessels
 A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid)
and white blood cells through the lymphatic
system. They are structurally very similar to blood
vessels.
• Afferent lymphatic vessels flow into a lymph
node and carry unfiltered lymph fluid.
• Efferent lymphatic vessels flow out of a lymph
node and carry filtered lymph fluid. Lymph vessels
that leave the thymus or spleen (which lack
afferent vessels) also fall into this category.
What Organs Are Part of the Lymphatic
System?
 The thymus: The thymus is located in the thoracic
cavity, just under the neck.
 The spleen: The spleen is located in the upper-
left part of the abdomen.
 The tonsils: The tonsils are masses of lymphoid
tissue found in the back of the throat and nasal
cavity.
 The appendix: The appendix is a pouch of
lymphatic tissue that’s attached to the large
intestine.
What Organs Are Part of the Lymphatic
System?
 Peyer’s patches: These patches of lymphoid tissue
are located in the mucosa and submucosa
throughout the small intestine
 Lamina propria lymphocytes: This type of GALT is
located in the mucosa of the small intestine.
 Intraepithelial lymphocytes: These tissues are
located between the cells of the epithelial layer
of the small intestine, between the tight
junctions.
Lymphatic disease
 Diseases and disorder Hodgkin's Disease/Hodgkin's
Lymphoma
This is a type of cancer of the lymphatic system.
It can start almost anywhere in the body. It is
believed to be caused by HIV
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
 Lymphoma
is a usually malignant cancer. It is caused by the
body producing too many abnormal white blood
cells.
 Lymphadenitis
is an infection of the lymph nodes usually caused
by a virus, bacteria or fungi.
 Lymphangitis
is an inflammation of the lymph vessels.
 Lymphedema
is the chronic pooling of lymph fluid in the tissue.
 Lymphocytosis
is a high lymphocyte count. It can be caused by
an infection, blood cancer, lymphoma, or
autoimmune disorders that are accompanied by
chronic swelling.