| National University | College of Architecture

Any group of people living in a

particular place, a form of human
habitation with a social purpose, where
 A settlement is a general term used
man/woman lives in community, where
in archaeology, geography, landscape he/she transforms the natural
history and other subjects for a environment into a man-made
permanent or temporary community in environment, composed of physical,
which people live, without being specific spatial, and organizational elements
as to size, population or importance. whose main purpose is the satisfaction
of the needs of the people… An
ecosystem composed of natural and
 A settlement can therefore range in size man-made elements which interact in
from a small number of dwellings complex ways within their population
grouped together to the largest of cities dynamics, environmental dimensions
with surrounding urbanized areas and spatial constraints and
alternatives”

– UN Conference on Habitat, Stockholm, 1972

  nomadic, temporary encampments

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg
http://www.bible-architecture.info/Copy_2_of_Tents_nomadic.jpg
http://e08595.medialib.glogster.com/media/96/9680b289523fbe9df36e044eb238e549b9abc2b9
802899a289057d0ae51ec928/american-indian-teepee-jpg.jpg
Neolithic Cities
Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000 B.C.
 A well-organized community of about 3000 people
 Built around a reliable source of freshwater
 Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall
 Overrun in about 6500 B.C. rectangular layouts
followed
Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 B.C.
 The settlement is situated on the slope of a hill in the
valley of the Maroni River
 First documented Settlement with streets
 It is a closed village. Apart from by the river, by a
strong wall of stones 2.5 m thick and 3 m at its highest
preserved level. Access into the village was probably via
several entry points through the wall.
 The buildings within this wall consist of round
structures huddled close together. The lower parts of
these buildings are often of stone and attain massive https://www.pinterest.com/pin/572942383826083212/
proportions by constant additions of further skins of https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292100725810933537/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirokitia
stones.
Introduction of right angle is sometimes held
to be a consequence of the use of bricks, a
standardized, prefabricated and mass
produced substitute for the stone not readily
to hand in alluvial river valleys.

Valleys of the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates,

Indus and the Hwang Ho where the first
cities appeared

Egypt: Memphis and Thebes

- characterized by monumental architecture
- cities had monumental avenues, colossal
temple, plazas and tombs
- -ordinary people lived in tall, mud brick
houses designed to keep out the sun. Richer
people had spacious houses with walled
gardens. The cities' great temples were the
centre of Egyptian life.
http://www.world-archaeology.com/wp-content/uploads/2003/09/Model16.jpg
http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/amarnatown8.jp
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/fertilecrescent-141028205039-conversion-gate02/95/fertile-
crescent-1-638.jpg?cb=1414529527 g
 Agriculture based;

 Defensive building works;

 Dominance of rectilinear forms;

 Division of land into separately owned

plots of known area is most easily
achieved using “square measure”, an
early discovery in geometry, derived
from surveying;
 Rectilinear plotting with the use of
the plow – suited all the needs of
agriculture societies on the Nile,
Tigris, and the Euphrates river for
easy land division for crop planning,
land ownership and land plotting
and reapportionment after a flood.
 Mesopotamia: Widely considered to be one of the cradles of
civilization by the Western world
 Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of
the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been
identified as having "inspired some of the most important
developments in human history including:
1.invention of the wheel
2. planting of the first cereal crops
3. cursive script,
4.mathematics,
5. astronomy
6.Agriculture
 Ur, Nineveh and Babylon defensive walls of some
Mesopotamian towns were built to a circular plan
 Mesopotamia gave birth to the world’s first cities which were
largely built of sun-dried brick made from the muddy clay of its
riverbanks and the rushes and reeds that grew in their marshes
 Ziggurat is the most distinctive form of architecture
 Cities often had large gateways, of which the Ishtar Gate from
Neo-Babylonian Babylon, decorated with beasts in polychrome
brick, is the most famous http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/
 The Urban Revolution began about 2400 BC on the
flood plain of the Indus River in India:
 Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – (3,400 BC)
 administrative-religious centers with 40,000
inhabitants
 archaeological evidence indicates an advanced
civilization lived here as there were housing
variations, sanitary and sewage systems, etc.
 The street layout shows an understanding of the
basic principles of traffic, with rounded corners to
allow the turning of carts easily.
 The drains are covered.
 The city probably had around 35,000 residents
 Inhabitants lived in windowless baked brick houses
built around a central courtyard.
 These cities also had a citadel, where the public and
religious buildings were located, large pools for
ritual bathing, granaries for the storage of food, and
a complex system of covered drains and sewers.
http://www.mrdowling.com/images/612harappa.png
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/ancient/images/sw/mohenjo-daro-ruins-285685-sw.jpg
 Advances in science and technology,
especially hydraulics, warfare and
navigation
 In Kahun, Egypt – worker’s
settlement was built, a walled
compound rigidly rectilinear in its
layout.
 5 centuries or so later, a similar
settlement was built in Amarna with The development of city-kingdoms
a grand processional way 60m wide by the Sumerians of Assyria. These
with streets joining at right angles. warrior-kings built cities that were both
The city contained an entire settled fortress and marketplaces for the
area including much cultivated land agricultural products of the
and lowly building associated with
the nucleus of an extensive royal surrounding lands.
court with its residences, temples and
official apartments http://www.bible-history.com/babylonia/rec_babylon_city.gif
 One of the earliest cities was
Babylon (about 55 miles
south of modern-day
Baghdad, Iraq).
 Originally built like other
Sumerian cities of the Bronze
Age, it reached its legendary
greatness when
Nebuchadnezzar had rebuilt
during the sixth century B.C. Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.
 the new city followed a Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
regular street plan. Babylon- the largest city with 80,000
 The temple and tower inhabitants
remains at the center.
 The Yellow River or Huang He is the "mother
river of China". Its basin was the center of Chinese
politics, economy and culture for over 2,000 years.
 It carries its rich yellow silt all the way from
Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean
 The Shang King ruled from the capital city of
Anyang. His kingdom was divided into
different territories that were ruled by
aristocratic warlords(military leaders).
 Anyang, located in Henan Province in northern
China, was the center of a sophisticated Bronze
Age civilization during the Shang Dynasty (1554 to
1054 BCE).
The Greeks western culture began on the island
of the Aegean Sea and grew with the settlement
of Greece by the northern people.
 “polis” defined as a “city-state”. Most famous
is the Acropolis- a religious and defensive
structure up on the hills, with no definite
geometrical plan. It has visible relationship
between buildings and nature; sacred
 Agora- buildings served as facades to form an
enclosed urban space; grouped around central
open space
 City planning activities during the Greek and
Roman empires centered almost exclusively on
the appropriate placement of urban housing
from the perspectives of defense and water
supply.
The Greeks western culture began on the
island of the Aegean Sea and grew with the
settlement of Greece by the northern people.
 “polis” defined as a “city-state”. Most
famous is the Acropolis- a religious and
defensive structure up on the hills, with no
definite geometrical plan. It has visible
relationship between buildings and nature;
sacred
 Agora- buildings served as facades to form
an enclosed urban space; grouped around
central open space
 400 BC Hippodamus of Miletus (Father of
Town Planning) the first noted urban
planner. Introduced the grid system and
the Agora emphasized geometric designs
for cities thru grid pattern of streets
 Sparta and Athens are the largest cities
(100-150T) Compact urban form; never
planned as a whole
 Integration of social and civic life
1. Components
2. Acropolis
3. Main Harbors
4. Agora Complex
5. Cultural and leisure facilities
 Hippodamus maintained that only the
capital city should be this large
 Cities should ideally have no more than
10,000 residents, because of hygiene and
capability to provide food & water.
 It is the first known example of physical
limitations of growth in urban planning.
Greek – achieved stable political unity until the Romans came;
depended on maritime navigation
Roman Cities
 Romans replaced Athens as the center
of the Western World during the period
27 B.C. to 324 A.D.
 Roman Cities adopted Greek forms but
with different scale- monumental,
had a social hierarchy
 the Roman Empire grew in power and
wealth, the population of Rome greatly
increased; estimates ranged from
250,000 to 2 million permanent
residents by the third century A.D.  Roman colonization planted new outposts of
civilization (often peopled by discharged soldiers)
 first century A.D. when Augustus linked physically and politically with Metropolitan
imposed a 70- foot height limit, the Rome.
first known example of zoning.  Efficient agriculture made possible the founding
of some towns inland, no longer tied to
navigation.
The principal theorist and organizer of
classical-style Greek architecture and
Roman architect and engineer of the
first century B.C. Vitruvius - 10-volume
treatise “De Arkitectura” – relates
experience of Roman architecture and
town design; treats architecture and
town design as a single theme
• suggested location of streets in
Organization of towns - a system of gridiron streets
relation to prevailing wind; enclosed by a wall; theater, arena and market were
• the siting of public buildings; common places for public assembly
• the testing of drinking water;
Perfected enclosed urban and architectural space –
• design of plazas colonnaded plazas with a temple or basilica at the
end of the space.
Romans incorporated public works
and arts into city designs
 Romans as conquerors
wealthy Roman leaders built huge
monument and public buildings honoring
their own and their empire’s greatness and Conquered
each new emperor built a forum (a public territories as well
meeting place) greater than the last. as cities need for
water supply,
 Romans as engineers
drainage and
built aqueducts (serving 200 cities), communications
elaborate plumbing systems for public baths, relied on
technical
network of paved roads (covering 50,000 innovations such
miles), drainage systems, large open as the aqueducts,
interiors for public gatherings sewers, roads
 In the later days of Rome, the villa had developed throughout the empire as
a form of settlement detached from the town.
 Within, the landowner had gathered a considerable household whose work in his
surrounding farmlands and vineyard had provided sufficient resources for
patrician luxury.

 Wealthy Romans bought up rural land

and created vast estates that often
contained luxurious villas. The ruins of
this villa near Herculaneum at the base
of Mount Vesuvius still show Roman
Insula
 In early Rome, single-family homes called Domus were generally reserved for
very wealthy aristocrats.
 Entry might be through an atrium or reception room where the family kept a
shrine to the household gods. These houses are possibly built around an interior
open-air courtyard.
 Most ordinary citizens lived in a building of several stories that resembled a
modern apartment complex. Known as an insula, this type of urban structure
featured living quarters for a range of income groups side by side with shops and
restaurants.

 More modest residences were on

the top floors and often had little
furniture except for sleeping pallets
and no cooking facilities.
 Facing the street were small shops
where butchers, bakers, pillow
makers, and other merchants sold
their wares.
• Other rooms in the house usually included a dining area where family
members and guests ate while reclining on couches and a kitchen where
food was prepared and then cooked over hot coals.
• The center of the atrium
could also open to the
outdoors and feature a small
pool or impluvium that
captured rainwater.
Romans developed housing
variations :
 Domus- traditional Roman house;
with a central atrium
 Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with
storefronts
Romans developed spaces for the
community:
 Basilica- covered markets; later, law
courts
 Curia-the local meeting hall; later, the
capitol
 Medieval towns tended to grow around areas where people could easily
meet, such as crossroads or rivers.
 Towns needed more water so a nearby water supply was vital. Rivers would
provide the water used for washing and drinking and they were used for
the disposal of sewage
 With local agriculture as its basis, the medieval village developed initially
with mutual protection as a dominating condition.
 In Europe politically fragmented and open to pillage from warrior bands,
defense of the community and its livestock was essential.
 Choice of site at first therefore owes less to navigable waterways or
overland routes than in previous ages, and the naturally defensible terrain
(often less easy to access) is preferred.
 by the 13th century A.D. there were many towns
but few has more than 50,000 residents. A
typical town feature is a space enclosed by
dwellings which provide shelter for livestock,
and together with such fortifications as might be
contrived, protection against an attacker.
 Few towns occupied more than 1 square mile
for practical considerations: walled fortification
systems, water supply and sanitation
 Village people came to towns to trade therefore
those who were in charge of a town had to do
what was needed to ensure that their town was
safe Many towns were owned by a lord and it was in
 Growth of towns around either a monastery or his interest to ensure that his town was popular
castle, assumed a radio-centric pattern; relied on with merchants (safe) as they paid tax. A charter
protective town walls /fortification for security gives towns the right to collect their own taxes
 many of coastal towns grew from military Feudalism affected the urban design of most
fortifications, but expansion was limited to what towns
the town and its environs could support
Different kinds of towns
 Market town, with its
nucleus of castle,
cathedral or abbey church;
 University town
 Merchant city based on a
port or navigable
waterway
 Planted town or colony,
built to settle virgin land
or to police a province.
With local agriculture as
its basis, the medieval
village developed initially
with mutual protection as
a dominating condition.
Typical medieval town features
 Irregular form in which buildings and open spaces adapt
themselves to a terrain, chosen and exploited to assist
defense, to provide shelter, to ease ascent and to promote
natural drainage.
 An outstanding example of organic design which adapts
and utilizes the given circumstances of materials and site,
rather than imposing ruthlessly upon them the
orderliness of the right angle and processional way
 Enclosing defensive wall – again contrived to exploit
natural advantages such as water courses and
commanding slopes. A wall also imposes planning upon
a community.
 The converging routes and the later roads marking the
lines of successive city walls together may produce a plan
resembling a spider’s web, and it is to the Middle Ages
that some authorities ascribe the first use of the radial-
concentric plan still typical of many European cities
Mercantilist cities continuous increase
in size. World trade and travel created
major population concentrations. In
mercantilism , the prosperity of a nation
is dependent upon its supply of capital
(precious metals); protectionist;
encourages export, discourage imports By 1600, a small group of capital cities and major ports
– Amsterdam, Rome, Lisbon, Antwerp, Seville,
Palermo – had populations exceeding 100,000. Naples,
Milan, Paris, and London each had 200,000 or more.

The rise of centralized monarchies and of transatlantic

trade tended to concentrate growth around the royal
court as the seat of government, or the port as the
focus of trade. Growing populations were absorbed by
intensifying the use of the existing built-up area, and
by planned extensions – often associated with the
construction of new defensive works.
 15th and 16th century saw the flowering of
the Renaissance, as most evident in Italy. An
intensive preoccupation with the arts and
humanities arose.
 The effect upon urban planning was more
aesthetic than substantive.
 The basic form and pattern of cites
remained unchanged but there was more
concern for beauty within.
Important concepts emerged:
 axis style of city design
 use of formal piazzas of squares
 The formal place was carefully proportioned
with a unified façade “building up” to a
dominating climax of palace, church or civic
building; the palace or cathedral was set at
the focus of radiating routes;
 the street itself was disciplined to provide
unified facades flanking a grand processional
route;
 the whole plan of a town became a network
composed as a disciplined whole, in which
important focal points (market, cathedral,
palace, stock exchange, fortress, bridge)
would stand as nodes in an open space
system embracing avenues, crescents,
circuses and squares.
Renaissance established the concept of urban Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
design. This meant that urban planning must
consider beauty as well as form and function.
Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning and urban design
Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the
arts the first “university town”
The Baroque period (17th to 18th centuries A.D.) was
marked by the monumentalism and grandeur of the
reigning monarchs of the western world and was most
vivid in France.
Huge open spaces were created in cites with the majestic
boulevards. This era a lasting impression that all cities
can be beautiful and inspiring.
Leonardo da Vinci in his
“Codex Atlanticus” described a
new concept of urban planning
that was suited for Milan –
sketched a city straddling a river
where upstream, the river was
directed into 6 or 7 branches, all
parallel to the main stream and
rejoining it below the city.
 With more settled political conditions in the 18th and 19th
centuries, the colonization of America provided an opportunity for
pioneering experiments

 but however radical the political intentions of the colonists, their

settlements clung to rectangular sub-division almost as inflexibly
as the architecture of the period clung to the classical orders.
 Variant : cities such as Washington (designed under the
supervision of Jefferson by the French architect and military
engineer le’Enfant), where the imposition of Baroque pattern of
radiating avenues on a gridiron plan attempts to combine the
advantages of rational subdivision with the focal point, the vista,
and the rapid cross-town route.
 English towns began their marked expansion in the 18th century. Although by no means
free from slums, the period of growth up to 1820 or so produced the Georgian and
Regency housing, elegantly grouped in terrace, crescent, circus and square, still admired
as among the finest domestic urban planning in the world.

 By the 19th century, with the Industrial Revolution, people were moving to cities in
unprecedented numbers. Workers lived in sheds, railroad yards, and factory cellars,
typically without sanitation facilities and water supply.

 In the late 19th century, Britain embarked on public housing development. Laborers’
dwelling acts, authorizing local governments to construct public housing were enacted
as early as the mid 19th century. Urban-renewal demolition activities were empowered
during the same period. Massive public housing programs were started after each of the
world wars.

 Housing programs in the United States and in Western European nations share many
similarities. All these countries have initiated public housing, urban renewal, and new
town programs. However, public intervention in Europe began sooner and has been
more extensive than in the United States.
 The invention of the steam engine in 1769
ushered the beginning of the industrial
revolution , the “Machine Age”, for it meant
that human labor can be supplemented or
replaced by machines.
 The early impacts of this is increased
congestion, safety hazards and air/water
pollution.
 Tony Garnier, 1868-1948 (Une Cite
Industrielle) a self-contained new settlement
with its own industries and housing close by.
Locational features may have been a
precursor to modern zoning Ideas and
theories adopted by Dutch Architect JJP Oud
in the design of Rotterdam
 Transportation was the key to
industrialization. The journey to
work emerged as a result of
mobility.
The congestion and pollution
created a movement towards
suburbs made possible by
1844 Arturo Soria Y Mata (Spanish Engineer)Suggested improved roads and railways
the idea of “Linear City” from Cadiz, Spain across Europe systems.
through St. Petersburg, Russia in which he proposed that
the logic of linear utility line should be the basis of By the late 19th and early 20th
all city lay-out. centuries, suburbs housing, the
 Houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility more affluent were common at
systems supplying water, communications and the periphery of the city while
electricity. lower paid worker lived in the
 Proposed high-speed, high intensity transport from an congested central areas.
existing city
 In the post industrial society of the 20th century, housing
in developing nations and poor parts of developed
countries continues to be of insufficient quality and does
not meet the demand of some parts of the population.
 Vacant, abandoned central-city housing exists alongside
structures that are usable but overcrowded and buildings
that are structurally reclaimable but are functionally
obsolete.
 Because of the rapid growth of cities and the problems of
industrialization, a number of reform movements emerged.
The First Public Health Act passed in England dealt
mainly with standards for housing in the 1880’s.
Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England) The romantic precursors of
urban planning evolved in the
 Designed for 800 to 1200 persons latter part of the 19th century.
 Built factories in rural lands and house the labor force Robert Owen’s early plans for
outside the city. With agricultural, light industrial, New Lanark in England.
educational, and recreational facilities
Owenite villages are arranged
such that the dwellings of his
model towns, designed for 1,200
inhabitants, within square areas
which are planted with gardens
in the center and surrounded by
400 to 500 hectares of land.
These small communities dot
the countryside.
The “Owenite Communities”:
 New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
 Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of New
England Planners
 Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet (eventually,
Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt Lake
City, Utah)
 Bournville, outside Birmingham built by chocolate
manufacturer George Cadbury
 Port Sunlight, in the Mersy built by William Lever
Ebenezer Howard – Author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path
to Social Reform” conceived The Garden City Movement
The 3 magnets in his paradigm depicted both the city and
the countryside had a dissoluble mixture of advantages and
disadvantages
The city has the opportunities offered through jobs and
urban services of all kinds, which resulted in poor natural
environment;
The countryside offered an excellent natural environment
but virtually no opportunities of any kind

Ebenezer Howard solidified the
concept of new towns as an
urban planning movement.
Influences on Howard
EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD had advocated the
planned movement of population.
JAMES SICK BUKINGHAM- developed the idea of a
model city.
ALFRED MARSHALL- invented the idea of the new town
as an answer to the problems of the city.
“Garden Cities of Tomorrow” (1902), one of the most
important books in the history of urban planning.
Garden City combined the advantages of the town by way of
access and all the advantages of the country by way of the
environment without any of the disadvantages of either. This
is achieved by planned decentralization of worker and their
places of employment thus transferring the advantages of
urban agglomeration en bloc to the new settlement.

Four main components of Howard’s

plan:
1. All land about 10,000 acres would be
owned singly in public trust;
2. Population and development would
be staged up to 30,000 people;
3. Greenbelt of 5,000 acres of
agricultural land to surround the city;
4. Mixture of land uses to ensure
social/economics self-sufficiency. Illustration depicting a mother town of 58,000 to 65,000 people
with smaller “garden cities” of 30,000 to 32,000 each
 Letchworth: first Garden
City designed by Raymond
Unwin & Barry Parker in
1902 Consisted of 4,500 acres
(3000 for agriculture, 1500
for city proper)

Welwyn, 1920 (by Louis de

Soisson) brought formality
and Georgian taste

Advocated concept of ‘Social City’ –

polycentric settlement, growth
without limit, surrounded by a
greenbelt; town grows by cellular
addition into a complex multi-
centered agglomeration of towns set
against a green background of open
country.
Wythenshawe - called the 3rd garden city
Manchester's largest district, a massive
housing estate that was created in the 1920s
intended as a "garden city" where an
overspill population could be re- housed
away from the slums and squalor of
industrial Manchester.
Hampstead Garden Suburbs opened in
1907 meant only for housing but with a
variety of housing types lined along streets
with terminating axes on civic buildings in a
large common green
Patrick Geddes – founder of modern Town Planning

Patrick Geddes theorized that physical planning could not improve urban living condition unless it
was integrated with social and economic planning in a context of environmental concern

The answer to the sordid congestion of the giant city is a vast program of regional planning within
which each sub-regional part would be harmoniously developed on the basis of its own natural
resources with total respect for the principles of ecological balance and resource renewal. Cities in
the scheme became subordinate to the region; old cities and new towns alike would grow just a
necessary parts of the regional scheme.

“Survey before plan” Planning must start with a survey of the resources of such a region and of
human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural landscape; emphasis on
survey method.
Geddes wrote “Cities in Evolution” (1915)
 coined the term “conurbation” which meant
conglomeration of town aggregates;
 described the waves of population to large cities
followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the
wave of backflow
 the whole process result to amorphic sprawl , waste and
unnecessary obsolence;
 stressed social basis of the city – concerned with the Conurbation is a polycentric
relationship between people and cities and how they urban agglomeration, in which
affect one another transportation has developed to
link areas to create a single
urban labour market or travel to
backflow(central sprawling mass work area.
Inflow build-up
slums) (central blight)
Patrick Abercrombie
 most notable professional planner in Britain in the Anglo American period.
 most notable contribution to planning to a wider scale: the scale which region
around it in a single planning exercise.
 did the Greater London Plan 1944

Lewis Mumford
 Geddes Follower
 wrote CULTURE OF CITIES, the Bible of regional planning movement
Daniel Burnham – Father of American City Planning;
the chief planner of Chicago 1893
 Influenced by the world fairs of the late 19th
century, like the 1891Columbian Exposition in
Chicago. Emphasis was on grand formal designs,
with wide boulevards civic spaces, arts, etc
 Also credited for the designs of San Francisco and
Cleveland
 According to Burnham, city was a totally designed
system of main circulation arteries, a network of
parks and clusters of focal buildings or building
blocks of civic centers incl. City hall, a country
court house, a library, an opera house, a museum,
and a plaza
Castigated by Lewis Mumford as cosmetic, comparing
Burnham’s approach with planning practiced in
totalitarian regimes; approach ignored housing,
schools & sanitation.

According to Abercrombie, beauty stood supreme for

Burnham, commercial convenience was significant
but health and sanitation concerns were almost
nowhere. Burnham’s plan devoted scant attention to
zoning.
Baron George Eugene Hausmann- worked on the
reconstruction of Paris- linear connection between
the place de concord, arc de triomph, eiffel tower and
others
The architect and engineer joined with the lawyer and social worker to reform
American cities. The concepts of Geddes were invoked as frequently as those of
Burnham. Planning commissions were established throughout the country.

American City Planning Institute (AIP) was founded in Kansas City in 1917,
with 52 people dedicated to the advancement of the art and science of planning.
In 1916, New York City adopted the first zoning regulations. (law)
Constitutionally of zoning was upheld in 1926. Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler
Realty Co.

In the 1920’s regional planning began to grow, Regional planning authorities were
first created in New York. By 1913, there were over 67 such agencies.