WASTES

Wastes

Liquid Gaseous
Solid waste
Waste Waste

• Household waste
• Industrial waste
• Biomedical waste or hospital waste
 What is Bio-medical waste ??

Definition
Waste generated during the diagnosis,
testing, treatment, research or production of
biological products for humans or animals
(WHO)
• WHO estimates

85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous

10% is infectious

5% is non-infectious.
 WHO has estimated that
In year 2014
• injections with contaminated syringes caused:
• 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infections (32% of all new infections);
• Two million hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infections (40% of all new infections);
• 260 000 HIV infections (5% of all new)
 WHO IS AT RISK??

Patient
s&
attende Public
rs
Medical
&
Sanitati Parame
on dical
workers staff
6/27/2019 Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management 8
Need of BMW Management in Hospitals???
 Hazardous health care
waste can result in
1. Infection

2. Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity

3. Chemical toxicity

4. Radioactivity hazards.

5. Physical injuries

6. Public sensitivity.
 Infection
The infectious agents enter into the body
through

 Puncture
 Abrasion
 Cut in the skin
 Through mucous membranes
 By inhalation and ingestion.
 Most Common Infections
1. Gastro enteric through faeces and/or vomit
e.g. Salmonella, Vibrio Cholera, Helminthes
Hepatitis A
2. Respiratory through inhaled secretions
e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Measles virus;
Streptococcus pneumoniae
3.Ocular infections through eye secretions
e.g. Herpes virus,
4. Skin infection through pus
e.g. Streptococcus spp ,
5. Meningitis through Cerebrospinal fluid
e.g. Neisseria meningitides
 Most Common Infection Cont.
6. Blood borne diseases
• AIDS
• Septicaemia and bacteraemia
• Viral Hepatitis B & C

7. Hemorrhagic fevers through body fluids

• Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses
 Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity
• Irritant to skin and eyes
E.g. alkylating agent, intercalating agent

• Carcinogenic and Mutagenic

e.g. Secondary neoplasia due to chemotherapy
 Chemical Toxicity

• Many drugs are hazardous

• May cause intoxication , burns, poisoning on
exposure
 Radioactivity Hazards
Radioactive waste exposure may cause headache, dizziness,
vomiting, genotoxicity and tissue damage

Visual impact of the anatomical waste, recognizable body parts

 Physical injuries

• Sharps

• Chemicals

• Explosive agents
Waste with high content
of heavy metals

Blood pressure guages 19

 Aerosol

PRESSURISED
CONTAINERS

Gas cartridges

Gas cylinders

20
Waste Sharps eg: Needles Discarded medicines

Human anatomical waste Solid waste eg: cotton swabs

PENALTIES FOR IMPROPER WASTE
MANAGEMENT AS PER RULES
• The PENALTIES are as specified in
Environment (Protection) Act 1986.

• Imprisonment for upto five years with fine

upto one lakh rupees, or both.

• In case the failure additional fine upto five

thousand rupees for every day.
 Bio-Medical Waste Flow Chart
Generator In House Segregation Common Storage Point
(HOSPITALS) (Collection, Segregation Packing At
in Color Coded Poly Bags) Hospitals

Waste Water Transportation

(Approved Special Vehicle)
to ETP

Unloading and Temp

Storage at CBWTF
Re Use

Treatment
Disposal (Incineration, Autoclaving
( Recycling & Landfill) and Shredding)
Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule
as per WHO Standard
WASTE TREATMENT AND
TYPE OF WASTE
CATEGORY DISPOSAL OPTION

Category No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste (Human tissues, organs, body Incineration@ / deep
parts) burial*

Category No. 2
Animal Waste Incineration@ / deep
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts,) burial*

Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste Local autoclaving/

Category No. 3 (Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimen of live microwaving /
micro organisms or attenuated vaccines,) incineration@

24
 Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule
as per WHO standards Cont….
Disinfecting (chemical
Waste Sharps (Needles, syringes, scalpels,
treatment@@ / autoclaving /
Category No. 4 blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and
microwaving and mutilation /
cuts)
shredding

Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs Incineration@ / destruction

Category No. 5 (Wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and drugs disposal in secured
and discarded medicines) landfills

Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with body

fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster Incineration@ / autoclaving /
Category No. 6
casts, lines, bedding and other materials microwaving
contaminated with blood.)

Disinfecting by chemical
Solid Waste (Waste generated from
treatment@@ / autoclaving /
Category No. 7 disposable items other than the waste sharps
microwaving and mutilation /
such as tubing, catheters, intravenous sets, etc.) 25
shredding# #
 Categories of Biomedical Waste Schedule
as per WHO standards cont….

Liquid Waste (Waste generated from the Disinfecting by chemical

Category No. 8 laboratory and washing, cleaning, house treatment@@ and discharge
keeping and disinfecting activities) into drains

Incineration Ash (Ash from incineration

Category No. 9 Disposal in municipal landfill
of any biomedical waste)

Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in Chemical treatment @@ and

Category No.10 production of biologicals, chemicals used discharge into drains for liquids
in disinfecting, as insecticides, etc.) and secured landfill for solids.

26
1. Survey of waste generated
2. reduction at source .
3. Segregation of hospital waste.
4. Collection & Categorization of waste.
5. Storage of waste.
6. Transportation of waste.
7. Treatment of waste.
1) Survey of waste generated

-frequent survey..atleast during every 6 months

2) Source Reduction
• Source Reduction - ways to lessen the amount
of material

– Segregation - keeping noninfectious waste out of

the infectious waste stream

– Minimization - reduce or eliminate waste at the

source

– Engineering controls - methods to reduce quantity

of waste(smaller containers)
LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINERS/BAGS
3) Segregation of waste

At the point of generation

In a color coded leak-proof container

Container should bear 'Biohazard' symbol and

appropriate wording

Container should never be completely filled

COLOR WASTE

Yellow Human & Animal anatomical waste / Micro-biology

waste and soiled cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc.

Red Tubings, Catheters, IV sets.

Blue / Waste sharps

White ( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. )

Black Discarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs,

Incineration ash, Chemical waste.
 PACKAGING & LABELING:
• Bags 3/4th filled should be tied,
• Name of the ward
• Date of Packaging,
• Destination (Treatment Site)
• Bio Hazard/Cytotoxic Symbol
• Weighing & Recording
• Separate Register and Weighing Machine
• Daily recording is mandatory
LABEL FOR TRANSPORT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINERS/BAGS
• Date of generation ...................
• Waste category No ........
• Waste class……………
• Waste description………….
• Sender's Name & Address………..
Contact Person…………..
• Receiver's Name & Address………
Contact Person…………..

• In case of emergency please contact,

Name & address……….
Label shall be non-washable and prominently visible.
 5) Transportation, storage (within the
hospital)
• The waste in bags or containers should be stored in a separate

area, room, or building of a size appropriate to the quantities of

waste produced and the frequency of collection.

• Health care waste should be transported within the hospital or

other facility by means of hand cart wheeled trolley .

 TRANSPORTATION

• Transportation of BMW can be divided into

internal and external transportation.
• INTERNAL: it is for yellow ,red ,blue and white
bags.
• EXTERNAL: it is for the general waste collected in
the black coloured plastic bags.
 Safe Transportation
REGISTERED, AUTHORIZED, BMW TRANSPORTERS
 DISPOSAL METHODS OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES

• Incineration
• Chemical disinfection
• Autoclave
• Microwave
• Shredder
• Deep burial
 ANNUAL REPORT
• To be submitted to the prescribed authority by 31
January every year
• Name of the occupier with Address
• Categories of waste generated and Quantity
[monthly average] basis:
• Name of treatment facility with Address
• Category-wise quantity of waste treated
• Mode of treatment with details:
• Any other information
 STAFF SAFETY
• Proper training
• Personal protective clothing and equipment
• Immunization
• Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Medical surveillance
• Personal hygiene
Responsibility

Infection control is everyone's business.

You are not only protecting yourself, but

also those around you
 Our’s is a
Beautiful Planet…Let us save together…

Lets Make This World A Better Place to Live in.

THANK YOU