Leadership

Major Concepts

Management
 the process of leading and directing all or part
of an organization
 the act or art of managing: the conducting or
supervising of something
Major Concepts

Managers:
 Have an assigned position
 Have a legitimate power source
 Expected to carry out specific functions
 Emphasize control in decision making
 Manipulate factors to achieve goals
 Have greater responsibility, formality, control
Major Concepts

Leadership
 A point of polarization for group cooperation
(Chapin, 1924)
 A management skill that focuses on the
development and deployment of vision,
mission and strategy as well as the creation
of a motivated work force (Bitpipe, 2006)
 The power or ability to lead people
“The manager is a person who bring things
about- the one who accomplishes, has the
responsibility, and conducts. A leader is the
person who influences and guides direction,
opinion, and course of action."
Major Concepts

Leaders are:
 Communicators
 Mentors
 Role Models
 Change Agents
 Influencers
Functions

People want and organizations need leaders

to :
 Challenge the process
 Inspire a shared vision
 Enable others to act
 Model the way
 Encourage the heart
Functions

Management functions include:

– Planning
– Organizing
– Staffing
– Directing
– Controlling
– Reporting
– Budgeting
Integration of the Ldrs and Mgrs

Leader-Managers should possess six

distinguishing traits:
– Long-term thinking
– Looking outward towards the larger organization
– Influences others beyond their group
– Emphasizes vision, values, and motivation
– Thinks in terms of change and renewal
Major Theories on Leadership

1. The Great Man Theory

2. Behavioral Theory
3. Situation and Contingency Theory
4. Interactional Leadership Theory
5. Transactional and Transformational
Theory
The Great Man Theory

• Asserts that some people are born to lead

whereas others are born to be led.
• Suggests that great leaders will arise
when the situation demands it
The Great Man Theory

Some characteristics include:

– Intelligence
– Decisiveness
– Oral Fluency
– Self-Confidence
– Personal Integrity
Behavioral Theory

Three aspects of the theory:

1. Authoritative
2. Democratic
3. Laissez-faire
Authoritarian Leaders

• Actions are usually predictable, reducing

frustration in the work group; gives a
feeling of security
• Productivity is usually high, but creativity,
self-motivation, and autonomy are
reduced
• Useful in crisis situations
Authoritarian Leaders

Characterized by the following

– Strong control over the group
– Motivates others through coercion
– Directs others with commands
– Communication flows downwards
– Decision making does not involve others
– Emphasis is on difference in status
Democratic Leaders

• Appropriate for groups who work together

for extended periods
• Promotes autonomy and growth
• Effective when cooperation and
coordination between groups are needed
• Less efficient quantitatively than
authoritative leadership
Democratic Leaders

Characterized by the following:

– Less control
– Economic and ego awards used to motivate
– Directs through suggestions and guidance
– Communication flows up and down
– Decision making involves others
Laissez Faire

• Can be frustrating; group apathy and

disinterest can occur
• If group members are highly motivated
and self-directed, creativity and
productivity can result
• Appropriate when problems are poorly
defined and brainstorming is needed
Laissez Faire

Characterized by the following:

– Permissive, with little to no control
– Motivates by support when requested
– Provides little or no direction
– Uses upward and downward communication
– Disperses decision making throughout the
group