Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Olmillo, Japheth Aster
Esquiros, Phraishelle
Valdehueza, Shein Khan Kae L.
ANTHROPOLOGY
• It includes topics such as human
origin, globalization, social change
and world history
• It is the study of humankind in all
times and all places
• It is the study of humanity including
our prehistoric origins and
contemporary human diversity
• It studies the biological, social, and
cultural development of humankind,
CREATE A LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT THROUGH
WHICH STUDENTS CAN COME
TO UNDERSTAND AND
APPRECIATE HUMAN
DIVERSITY, DEVELOP A
CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
THEIR OWN SOCIETY, AND
EXAMINE THEIR ROLE AS
CITIZENS IN A COMPLEX,
GLOBAL COMMUNITY.
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Biological (or physical)
anthropologists carry out systematic studies of
the noncultural aspects of humans and near
humans. Noncultural refers to all of those
biological characteristics that are genetically
inherited in contrast to learned. Nearhuman is a
category that includes monkeys, apes, and the
other primates as well as our fossil ancestors.
The primary interest of most biological
anthropologists today is human evolutionthey
want to learn how our ancestors changed through
time to become what we are today.
Cultural (or sociocultural)
anthropologists are interested in
learning about the cultural aspects of
human societies all over the world. They
usually focus their research on such things
as the social and political organizations,
marriage patterns and kinship systems,
subsistence and economic patterns, and
religious beliefs of different societies. Most
cultural anthropologists study
contemporary societies rather than ancient
ones.
Linguistic anthropologists study the human
communication process. They focus their research
on understanding such phenomena as the
physiology of speech, the structure and function of
languages, social and cultural influences on speech
and writing, nonverbal communication, how
languages developed over time, and how they
differ from each other.
Archaeologists are interested in recovering the
prehistory and early history of societies and their
cultures. They systematically uncover the
evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing the
material remains left by people in the past.
The basic premise of sociology is that human
behavior is largely shaped by the groups to
which people belong and by the social
interaction that takes place within those groups.
The main focus of sociology is the group not the
individual. The sociologist is mainly interested
in the interaction between the people the ways
in which people act towards respond and
influence each other.
It is rightly defined as scientific study of human
interaction. Sociology is about society, its
constituent institutions, their inter relationship
and the actors. Sociologists study the patterns
in social interactions.
WHAT IS CULTURE?
Culture is the set of patterns of
human activity within a society or
social group. Culture is how we act,
think, and behave based on the shared
values of our society. It is how we
understand symbols, from language to
hand gestures. It is everywhere, and
we continually develop and define our
culture on a daily basis.
TYPES OF CULTURES
Real Culture can be observed in our social life.
We act upon on culture in our social life is real,
its part which the people adopt in their social life
is their real one. The whole one is never real
because a part of it remains without practice.
Ideal Culture which is presented as a pattern or
precedent to the people is called ideal. It is the
goal of the society. It can never be achieved fully
because some part of it remains out of practice. It
is explained in textbooks, our leaders’ speeches
and guidance
Material Culture consists of manmade objects
such as furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams,
bridges, roads and in fact, the physical matter
converted and used by man. It is closely related
with the external, mechanical as well as useful
objects.
NonMaterial Culture It is something
nonphysical ideas which include values, beliefs,
symbols, organization and institutions etc.
Nonmaterial culture includes words we use, the
language we speak, our belief held, values we
cherish and all the ceremonies observed.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Language A group of words or ideas having
common meaning and is shared to a social
situation is called language. Language is the
entrance to a culture. Language is a set of
socially sound pattern, words, and sentences
having specific meaning and terminology common
to the same culture.
Symbols are anything used to represent express
and stand for an event situation. Symbols direct
to guide our behavior. It is used to show an event
of past, present or future.
Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the guidelines which
specify the behavior of an individual. Norms keep a person within the
boundary of society and its culture. It gives us restriction about
something which to do and which not to do. It molds our behavior and
gives as knowledge about wrong and right. Norms can be divided into:
a. Folkways. Folkways are the simple customary ways of the
people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture.
Folkways are the recognized or accepted ways of behavior. These are
the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his daily life.
b. Mores. Mores is a Latin word and the plural of mos which
means customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary
expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a person. Mores refers to “what
ought to be and what ought not to be.” Mores are serious norms but are
informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the
violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both
formal and informal for the violation of mores.
Anything getting importance in our daily life becomes our
values. The origin of values is not biological but it is
social production while living in society the values
develop. Values depend upon the culture. Culture varies
from society to society and thus values are different in
every social situation. Values are what we like and what
we say will in our society values are the good idea and
thinking of a person.
Beliefs Every set within a culture having some beliefs
for cultural refuge. These beliefs are responsible fro the
spiritual fulfillment of needs and wants.
Cognitive Elements of culture are those though which
an individual know how to cope with an existing social
situation. How to survive, how make shelter from storms
and other natural calamities, how to travel and transport
etc. are the practical knowledge which make a culture.
Such knowledge is carefully thought to every generation.
ASPECTS OF CULTURES
Consumer culture – a society based on consumerism
High context cu;ture – a culture with the tendency use high
context messages, resulting in catering towards ingroups
Low context culture – culture with a tendency not to cater towards
ingroups
Remix Culture – a society which allows and encourages derivatives
culture
Participatory cultures – a culture in which private persons (the
public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or
producers.
Permission culture– a society in which copyright restrictions are
pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of
copyrighted works need to be explicitly leased
Traditional Culture – a community that chooses to remain focused
on subsistence as a major cornerstone of their economic behavior, as
well as, adheres to their ancestral beliefsystems and mannerism.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political science is a social science which deals
with systems of governance, and the analysis
of political activities, political thoughts, and
political behavior. It deals extensively with the
theory and practice of politics which is commonly
thought of as determining of the distribution
of power and resources. Political scientists "see
themselves engaged in revealing the
relationships underlying political events and
conditions, and from these revelations they
attempt to construct general principles about the
way the world of politics works.