INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NIRMA UNIVERSITY
Presentation for :
SEMINAR REVIEW (III)
On the assigned topic:

Integrated onboard charger and battery management system for

EVs

Under the guidance of : Presented by :

Prof. Chanakya Bhatt Punit Rajwani – 17BEE081
Presentation contents & flow

1 Open Circuit estimation using recursive estimation and simulation

2 Interpreting SOC from OCV

3 Peukert’s coefficient and Dynamically changing graph

4 Circuit Schematic with PCB design

5 SOC based cell equalization.

Open Circuit
estimation using
recursive estimation
 Open circuit voltage
The instantaneous terminal voltage Equivalent series resistance
obtained is not the true measure of
the charge stored or the SOC, of a • A cell’s voltage drops when it is
cell due to the voltage drop across under load.
internal ohmic resistances and • This can be modeled, in part, as
polarization voltages. a resistance in series with the id
eal voltage source

A cell can however be represented • v(t) = OCV(z(t)) − i(t)R0.

as a combination of different
physical behaviors and quantities
in the form of an equivalent model,
Considering the following drops:
Polarization voltages

• i(t) × R0 is one example of

polarization, modeling an in
stantaneous response to a
change in input current.
• In practice, we also observe
a response to a current step • The cell voltage is modeled as
• Similarly, when a cell is v(t) = OCV(z(t)) − vC1 (t) − i(t)R0.
allowed to rest, its voltage v(t) = OCV(z(t)) − R1iR1 (t) − R0i(t).
iR1 (t) + C1v˙C1 (t) = i(t).
does not immediately return
since vC1 (t) = R1iR1 (t)
to OCV, but decays
gradually. this phenomena iR1 (t) + R1C1 diR1 (t) dt = i(t)
is caused by slow diffusion diR1 (t) dt = − 1 R1C1 iR1 (t) + 1 R1C1 i(t)
Converting to discrete time, to obtain OCV
using data in sampling time Type equation
𝚫
here. ՜ 𝒕
• The R–C models we have seen to date are expressed in continuous time as
ordinary differential equations.

• x˙(t) − ax(t) = bu(t).

• e −at[ ˙x(t) − ax(t)] = d dt [e −at x(t)] = e −atbu(t)
𝒕 𝒕
• ‫[ ׬ 𝟎׬‬e −aτ x(τ )] dτ = e −at x(t) − x(0) = ‫ 𝟎׬‬e −aτ bu(τ ) dτ
𝒌+𝟏 𝒕
• x[k + 1] = x((k + 1)1t) = e a(k+1)1t x(0) +‫𝟎׬‬ e a((k+1)1t−τ )bu(τ ) dτ .

Assume u(τ ) is constant from k1t to (k + 1)1t and equal to u(k1t)

x[k + 1] = e a1t x[k] + e a(k+1)1t t − 1 a e −aτ (k+1)1t k1t ! bu[k]

= e a1t x[k] + 1 a e a1t − 1 bu[k

Now we consider all the elements of the model
constant for a time t and replace them by constant
terms
a = − 1 R1C1 ,
b = 1 R1C1 ,
x[k] = iR1 [k],
and u[k] = i[k] Substituting these values into the generic result, we
get:

iR1 [k + 1] = exp(− t/ R1C1)iR1 [k] + (−R1C1) (exp(− t/ R1C1 )− 1 )(R1C1 )i[k] =

exp(− t /R1C1 )iR1 [k] + (1 − exp(− t/ R1C1 ))i[k]

For a sampling time period t, these parameters stated above are assumed to
Be constant. This gives us and equation of 2 variables having obtained
current values from the current shunt and the parameters are estimated using
recurrsive estimation.
Circuit model for level shifting and terminal volt
age measurement
2.1.2 Level shifting Circuit for individual cell voltage
The described level shifting circuit uses analog multiplexers MUX36S along with
comparators – INA149 from Texas instruments to select a specific cell using the
select lines, subtract the terminal voltages, and give the input to 16-bit ADC-ADS
1115.
Data obtained from a 144Ah, 52.8-volt battery pack in both loaded and no-load c
onditions:
A 4.5 kw traction motor is used for loading

loading Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7 Cell 8

No-load 3.287 3.284 3.286 3.287 3.286 3.286 3.287 3.284
Intermediat 3.12 3.14 3.14 3.17 3.12 3.14 3.15 3.14
e

Full load 3.09 3.12 3.11 3.10 3.14 3.08 3.1 3.09
 Current measurement and associated errors

OCV is obtained using cell modelling with instantaneous voltages and

current as input. Current here is measured using a low side shunt
resistance. Any error/leakage in current or unaccounted current results dir
ectly in the measurement of the open circuit voltage.

The board is hence powered separately using an on-board 12v to 60v bo

ost converter, the switching regulator used is TI’s LM5001, the componen
t selection is done using the simulated circuit is Simscape©.
boost converter reference
design for component
selection for IC LM5001
Consists of :
3.2 mH inductor,
5.33uF capacitor,
Switching at 100kHz and
a fixed duty ratio of 80%

Output characteristics
show initial transients
across the 60 V output.
Interpreting SOC from
obtained OCV
 SOC estimation using hybrid coulomb counting and OCV proportionality

It is evident from the charging and discharging curves

of different li ion cells, that the open-circuit voltage
obtained above isn’t directly proportional to the state
of charge or the depth of discharge.

There are however, regions in the curve; that have an

almost fixed slope.
The curve is hence divided into 3 parts:

• Initial steep curve that up to 30 % of the total

capacity. This voltage drop is of the range 0.2-0.3
and hence the large change in voltage can be
measured using an ADC/AFE, so OCV
proportionality is used.
• The middle part of the curve is almost linear and
accounts for almost 40% of the capacity change of
the cell. The voltage change observed is of the
range 0.1-0.2 and hence, even the high resolution
of an ADC cannot produce an accurate result.

an appropriate answer to the problem is to get rid

of proportionality and use theoretical assumptions
i.e : coulomb counting.

• Coulomb counting in the middle region with simple

efficiency consideration and peukert’s coefficient
and account to least possible error in coulomb
counting using the current reading from the low-
side shunt.

• The final part, again observed to be a steep curve,

can be taken to be proportional to the OCV, the
slope of this curve however, is changed and hence,
accounts for sudden drop in the remaining SOC.
Peukert’s coefficient and
Dynamically changing
graph
Peukert’s Law
For a one-ampere discharge rate, Peukert's law is often stated as
Cp =ikt
Here, Cp is the capacity at a one-ampere discharge rate
I is the actual discharge current
k s the Peukert constant
t is the actual time to discharge the battery,

Hence, the reformulated discharge time can be given by :

T=H(C/iH)k
Based on SOC data, the coefficient is changed dynamically

Q/Qo =(T/To)(k-1)/k
Circuit Schematic with
PCB design
Level shifting circuit designed with Cadsoft Eagle©
microcontroller interfaced for voltage
monitoring
SOC based cell
equalization
Selected solution:
Active cell balancing using fly back converters

Charge from the highest voltage cell(s) in the stack to other lower
voltage cells in the stack (active balancing). This can be very
efficient (in terms of charge recovery) for the case where only a few
cells in the overall stack are high, but will be very inefficient
(and time consuming) for the case where only a few cells in the
overall stack are low. A bidirectional active balancing approach,
such as employed by the circuit.

Proposed topology shows the use of transformers as our analogous

use of flyback converters for the application .
For the modular
cell balancer,
M groups of the
SCB are
connected with M
modules to
balance the
voltages in each
module. The
featured energy of
cells is transferred
from a high
voltage level to a
low level inside
each module
Bibliography

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281550775
_A_Parametric_Open_Circuit_Voltage_Model_for_Lit
hium_Ion_Batteries
• http://mocha-java.uccs.edu/ECE5710/ECE5710-Note
s02.pdf
• https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d617/6883d996db5c
e83a1eb7f4ef8fa310033589.pdf
• https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c8d/72eca77cfd836
24ab583febeb6e6c169fdda.pdf
• https://www.gsaglobal.org/forum/2011/2/articles_dolp
hin.asp
• A Modular Cell Balancer Based on Multi-Winding Transformer and Switched-Cap
acitor Circuits for a Series-Connected Battery String in Electric Vehicles Thuc Mi
nh Bui 1 ID , Chang-Hwan Kim 1 ID , Kyu-Ho Kim 2 and Sang Bong Rhee 1,*

• http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2014/jeas_0814_1182.pdf

• http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/emb1499q.pdf
Thank you