Presented by:

Ambika Kumar
Asst. Professor in Chemistry
B. N. College Bhagalpur
• Healthy (Pollution free) Environment
 Environment (वातावरण)
• The surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

• वह पररवेश या स्थितत तिसमें कोई व्यस्ि, पशु, या

पौधा रहता है या संचातित होता है I
Our City: Bhagalpur
Air pollution can be defined as the emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere

sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen oxides (NOx),
ozone (O3),
particulate matter (small suspended particles of varying sizes),
carbon monoxide (CO)
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:

"Coarse particles" (PM10-2.5) such as those found near roadways and dusty industries
range in diameter from 2.5 to 10 micrometers (or microns). The existing "coarse" particle
standard (known as PM10) includes all particles less than 10 microns in size.

"Fine particles" (or PM2.5) such as those found in smoke and haze have diameters less
than 2.5 microns.
 Who is at Risk?
 Children
 Elderly
 Prior heart or lung disease patients
 Diabetics
 Persons who work/exercise outdoors
 Otherwise healthy adults and children
 Health Problems
 Impaired fertility
 Birth Defects
 Respiratory Infections
 Asthma
 Emphysema
 Lung Cancer
 Heart attacks
 Strokes
 Premature Death
“Pyramid of Effects”

Death

Hospital
Admissions

Doctor visits

Asthma attacks, medication use,

symptoms

lung function changes, immune cell responses,

heart rate or heart rate variability responses
 Effects on Human respiratory system

• Both gaseous and particulate air

pollutants can have negative
effects on the lungs.
• Solid particles can settle on the
walls of the trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles.
• Continuous breathing of polluted
air can slow the normal
cleansing action of the lungs and
result in more particles reaching
the lower portions of the lung.
• Damage to the lungs from air
pollution can inhibit this process
and contribute to the occurrence
of respiratory diseases such as
bronchitis, emphysema, and
cancer.
Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants.

Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects

Carbon Colorless, odorless gas Motor vehicle exhaust, Headaches, reduced mental Contribute to the formation of
Monoxide indoor sources include alertness, heart attack, smog.
(CO) kerosene or wood burning cardiovascular diseases,
stoves. impaired fetal development,
death.

Sulfur Dioxide Colorless gas that Coal-fired power plants, Eye irritation, wheezing, chest Contribute to the formation of
(SO2) dissolves in water petroleum refineries, tightness, shortness of breath, acid rain, visibility impairment,
vapor to form acid, and manufacture of sulfuric acid lung damage. plant and water damage,
interact with other and smelting of ores aesthetic damage.
gases and particles in containing sulfur.
the air.

Nitrogen Reddish brown, highly Motor vehicles, electric Susceptibility to respiratory Contribute to the formation of
Dioxide (NO2) reactive gas. utilities, and other industrial, infections, irritation of the lung smog, acid rain, water quality
commercial, and residential and respiratory symptoms (e.g., deterioration, global warming,
sources that burn fuels. cough, chest pain, difficulty and visibility impairment.
breathing).

Ozone (O3) Gaseous pollutant Vehicle exhaust and certain Eye and throat irritation, Plant and ecosystem damage.
when it is formed in the other fumes. Formed from coughing, respiratory tract
troposphere. other air pollutants in the problems, asthma, lung
presence of sunlight. damage.

Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead Anemia, high blood pressure, Affects animals and plants,
smelters, battery brain and kidney damage, affects aquatic ecosystems.
manufacturers, iron and neurological disorders, cancer,
steel producers. lowered IQ.

Particulate Very small particles of Diesel engines, power Eye irritation, asthma, Visibility impairment,
Matter (PM) soot, dust, or other plants, industries, windblown bronchitis, lung damage, atmospheric deposition,
matter, including tiny dust, wood stoves. cancer, heavy metal poisoning, aesthetic damage.
droplets of liquids. cardiovascular effects.
Pollutants Sources Effects on Vegetables

Aldehydes Photochemical reactions The upper portions of Alfalfa etc. will be affected to Narcosis if
250 ppm of aldehydes is present for 2 hrs duration.

Ozone (O3) Photochemical reaction of hydrocarbon All ages of tobacco leaves, beans, grapes, pine, pumpkins and
and nitrogen oxides from fuel combustion, potato are affected. Fleck, stipple, bleaching, bleached spotting,
refuse burning, and evaporation from pigmentation, growth suppression, and early abscission are the
petroleum products. effects.

Peroxy Acetyl The sources of PAN are the same as ozone Young spongy cells of plants are affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN is
Nitrate (PAN) present in the ambient air for more than 6 hrs.

Nitrogen dioxide High temperature combustion of coal, oil, Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals tissue
(NO2) gas, and gasoline in power plants and and near leaf margin. Suppressed growth is observed in many
internal combustion engines. plants.

Ammonia & Sulfur Thermal power plants, oil and petroleum Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached
dioxide refineries. margins, chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission, and
reduction in yield and tissue collapse occur.

Chlorine (Cl2) Leaks in chlorine storage tanks, If 0.10 ppm is present for at least 2 hrs, the epidermis and
hydrochloric acid mists. mesophyll of plants will be affected.

Hydrogen fluoride, Phosphate rock processing, aluminum Epidermis and mesophyll of grapes, large seed fruits, pines and
Silicon tetrafluoride industry, and ceramic works and fiberglass fluorosis in animals occur if 0.001 ppm of HF is present for 5
manufacturing. weeks.

Pesticides & Agricultural operations Defoliation, dwarfing, curling, twisting, growth reduction and
Herbicides killing of plants may occur.

Particulates Cement industries, thermal power plants, Affects quality of plants, reduces vigor & hardness and
blasting, crushing and processing interferences with photosynthesis due to plugging leaf stomata
industries. and blocking of light.

Mercury (Hg) Processing of mercury containing ores, Greenhouse crops, and floral parts of all vegetations are
burning of coal and oil. affected; abscission and growth reduction occur in most of the
plants.
 PEOPLE

PERSONALEXPOSURE AMBIENT LEVELS

SMOKERS NON SMOKERS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

OTHER
CHILDREN COMMUTER CONTROL HOMES
LOCATIONS

CITY
SCHOOLS BACKGROUND
PERSONAL PUBLIC WALK OR
CAR TRANSPORT CYCLING OFFICES AND
SHOPS HOT SPOTS
BUS
BARS
TRAM

METRO

Support from citizens Support from local authorities

Source: https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/in/Bhagalpur-India
Air pollution can be defined as the emission of harmful substances to the atmosphere

sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen oxides (NOx),
ozone (O3),
particulate matter (small suspended particles of varying sizes),
carbon monoxide (CO)
volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
A study by the World Health Organization
(WHO) in May revealed that 7 million people
die each year because of exposure to ambient
(outdoor) and household air pollution.