Case Study – Kecakapan Pemecahan Masalah

A TALE OF TWIN TOWNS

Ardina Ayu Indira Octafiona
Badzlina K Karina Numa S
Fadhila Azzahra P Miranda Talitha Z
 OUTLINE

CASE STUDY

BACKGROUND

PROBLEM DEFINITION

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
 A TALE OF TWIN TOWNS
• A big city called Sea Star is no longer a tourist attraction because the city has been changing. Off shore drilling and
oil refining industries have popped up and industrialization increase.
• Several miles from Sea Star there’s Blue-Green Mountain. In the thickets of tropical trees, there is Top Ville Town on
the windward side of Sea Star. The primary means is logging tall trees. While on the other side, there is Bottom Ville
whom people make their living via agriculture and fishing. In between the two towns, there’s Crystal Lake where both
towns share the water from here which is why they are considered as twin town. However, at Bottom Ville, the source
of water changes from lake to a few bore wells from underground, confined aquifer.
• Lately, industries have reached the twin towns. A big mining industry has acquired the slopes around Top Ville and
begin coal stripping. A new plant starts to produce pesticides and artificial fertilizer on the outskirts of Bottom Ville.
The industrialization in twin towns resulting economic and population growth in both towns. People are very welcome.
• These days, the mayoral officers receive complaints from the scared and concerned citizens about the issues that has
been happening in both towns. After that, the mayors worked together with Department of Environmental Resources
Management (DERM) and you as a chief scientist doing research about the case. And three important information is
gathered :
• The dissolved oxygen (DO) content in Crystal Lake has been decreasing for the last eight years
• The town records that the rock surrounding aquifer is rich in fluoride which is why the municipality did not grant
any permits to develop land in the outskirts for last several decades. But this information was lost all this time.
• The investigation of the local environmental group revealed that the waste pool of the pesticides plant does not
have lining on the bottom or on the sides, as the factory wants to save money.
 Assignment

This story is rich in details about industrial environmental pollution. Your job is to find out the cause for
each of the identified citizen complaints and suggest a reasonable and cost effective solution.
1. Draw a map displaying all the details provided in the case study. Use arrows to indicate the
movement of wind currents, (all) pollutants, etc. Label everything.
2. Compose and type a report that follows these guidelines:
a. Incorporate all of the data included in the story.
b. For each problem you identify, clearly describe in detail the cause and the effect and then
propose a solution.
c. Be creative. You can use any format to tell your story; it can be a news report, journal entry
based on field notes collected, etc.
d. Give a good title.
 Ancillary Activities

1. Recommend preventive measures for the future to the mayors who would like to continue the industrial and
economic development of the twin towns.
2. Google a map of acidic deposition in the US, examine it, infer the effects on vegetation, and then test the
inference with known impacts.
3. A commission appointed by the mayors has recommended several strategies worth $12 million to contain the
economic, social and ecological consequences of the industrialization of the twin towns. The budget of the twin
towns can allocate only $6 million. Can you help the mayors?

You are required to use the following concepts: 11. Land disturbance due to surface mining
1. Point and nonpoint sources 12. Underground leakage (from landfills, waste ponds
2. Surface and ground water contamination and septic tanks)
3. Agricultural runoff 13. Natural presence of heavy metals in rocks and
4. Acid rain soils
5. Cultural eutrophication 14. Damage to the vegetation due to anthropogenic
6. Confined aquifer activities
7. Deforestation 15. Contaminated drinking water and natural capital
8. Soil degradation degradation
9. Soil erosion
10. Acid-mine drainage
 BACKGROUND

Last 10 Many oil

A city called Sea Star years, off- refining Industrialization
is no longer a tourist shore drilling
industries increased
attraction changed the
city popped up

build railways to The mayor sanctioned

transport their an airport on the
product outskirts of the city
 BACKGROUND (cont’d)

• A big mining • Rapid economic • Develop land • At first, people in

company growth needs to clear both towns are
acquired slopes • High population all the forest welcome
around Top Ville growth • Increase water • Both mayors
• New pesticides • New job demand, more wanted to
plant on the opportunities wells are dug modernize and
outskirts Bottom bring prosperity
Ville
 SIDE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
These days, complaints are coming from citizens about common issues

Environment Health
Sharp rise in bladder and lung cancer
Tropical trees are showing weak cases among baby boomers.
growth, various insect infections and
collapsing suddenly.
The number of cases of “blue baby
syndrome” has tripled in Bottom Ville.

The vegetation surrounding the coal Sudden rise in the number of cases of
strip mine has vanished entirely crippling backbone and neck damage.

A variety of dental problems rarely seen

The water of Crystal Lake is showing a
distinct green tinge
before in the communities.
The frequency of outbursts of diarrhea and
dysentery has increased during wet
seasons.

(from the article)

ASSIGNMENT
1. MAPS DISPLAYING ALL
THE DETAILS PROVIDED
 -Primary means of livelihood: Logging
-In the last ten years, oil-refining MAP DISPLAYING ALL of tall trees
industries have popped up THE DETAILS -Coal strip mining
-Industrialization increased PROVIDED IN CASE -Water source: Crustal Lake
STUDY
-Heavy metal contamination in water
-Polluted industrial environment
-Air pollution

TOP VILLE

CRYSTAL LAKE
SEA STAR
BOTTOM VILLE

-Primary means of livelihood: Agriculture

A small number of people make their
-Pesticide plant
living by fishing in Crystal Lake
-Other water source: well
-Pesticide waste Fresh water source of water for Top Ville
-Fluoride contamination in the rock surrounding and Bottom Ville
the aquifer
2. IDENTIFY CAUSES, EFFECTS,
AND SOLUTION OF EACH
PROBLEMS
No Problem Cause Effects Solution
1 The secondary forest of The tropical trees are dying The tropical trees, mostly A solution for these trees
tropical trees are due to the different insect native to the towns that is mobbing and replanting
showing weak growth, infections found in the area, as have been suddenly the trees in a more stable
succumbing to various well as the trees are collapsing showing signs of environment, which will
insect infections and unaware weakness. The effects provide nutrient – rich soil
collapsing suddenly have destroyed natural and away from the insect
habitats and disturbs the infections and use
environment around chemical or biological
these trees control to reduce the
infection

2 The vegetation The vegetation around the new The effects of this has Reduce the production of
surrounding the coal strip coal strip mine has completely grown into extreme coal as it might turn into a
mine has vanished disappeared from the area deforestation. As the secondary succession by
entirely, leaving not a due to deforestation for logging resulted in space humans
single blade of growing construction of the new mining for the mining and oil
grass infrastructure industries, it also
affected the natural
environment
No Problem Cause Effects Solution
3 There is a sharp rise in The pollution from the factory’s Raise in hospital Purify the water and
bladder and lung cancer are starting to affect the water visits/bills, more food and make sure
cases among baby and vegetation of the local area. medicine needed, that what they are
boomers This causes the food and water more deaths consuming will not affect
that the baby boomers are their health in a bad
consuming to give them effects way
like bladder and lung cancer

4 The number of cases of Nitrate from the pesticides has The new born baby’s Purify the water, make
“blue baby syndrome” has been polluting the water bodies cannot carry sure only good water is
tripled in Bottom Ville blood as good as being used by citizens
they are supposed to
the heart (less oxygen
carried in the blood)
No Problem Cause Effects Solution
5 There is a sudden rice The rocks that lay near the This affects the people Purify the water so that
in the number of cases aquifer is rich in fluoride, in result who drink and inhale only the good water is
of crippling backbone the fluoride causes the bone the water. As the rocks being used by citizens
and neck damage damage, this is called Skeletal are found in near the
Fluorosis. It occurs when a high area where the water is
amount of fluoride is found in the contained
bones

6 The few dental Citizens are eating/drinking dirty More dental problems Make sure people are
officers are substances causing their mouth to and health problems brushing and rinsing their
overwhelmed with a fill with germs that can cause arise in the community. mouths twice a day and
variety of dental dental problem. Also, the also make sure the citizens
problems rarely seen drinking water may contaminated are getting purified
before in the with fluoride that can cause food/water. Another option
communities Dental Fluorosis is to make sure factories
are having less of an affect
on surrounding bodies of
water
No Problem Cause Effects Solution
7 The frequency of outbursts Diarrhea and dysentery is Water contamination can It can be prevented with
of diarrhea and dysentery the caused by the lack of results in effects of diarrhea safe water and
has increased during wet proper hygiene. Diarrhea and dysentery, another personal/surroundings
seasons can caused by a host of effects are depending on hygiene. Make sure the
bacterial that can be the level of the infection different streams of
spread by contaminated can lead to other diseases sewage are kept clear
water and life threatening cases of each other

8 The water of Crystal Lake Water pollution caused by Showing a distinct green Never throw rubbish
is showing a distinct green discharge of waste from the tinge with excessive weed away in the water, use
tinge with excessive weed pesticide plant to the growth and is cloudy most water wisely, do not
growth. Also the fishermen Crystal Lake’s water, of the time, death of throw chemical, oils,
are complaining about a discharge of household aquatic animals, decreasing paints, and medicine
decreases catch compared waste the lake DO of water, disruption of down the sink drain or
to just five years ago food chains, disease, the toilet, do not throw
destruction of ecosystems pesticide waste to the
lake
 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Non point source of groundwater contamination

from coal mining industry, pesticide industry, and
rich fluoride in aquifer that causing environmental
and health problem
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Water Contamination
Contamination of groundwater,
streams, rivers, and seas from
heavy metals, mercury, and
other toxins and pollutants
found in coal ash, coal sludge,
and coal waste.
Acid Rain
Sulfur oxides that acts as
pollutant gas from coal mining
industry
Sulfur oxides contributes to the
production of acid rain
Inhibit and slowly killing
vegetation
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: PESTICIDES INDUSTRY

Surface Water
Contamination

Surface waters are particularly

vulnerable to pesticide
contamination because runoff Excessive weed
Decreasing of
from most agricultura and growth in lake dissolved oxygen
urban area, where pesticides (DO) in lake
are applied, drains into
streams
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: PESTICIDES INDUSTRY
(Cont’d)

Groundwater
Contamination

Carsinogenic compound
Arsenic
and can cause lung,
component
bladder, and skin cancer
Studies have shown that
pesticides can reach water-
bearing aquifers below
ground. Baby blue syndrome
Nitrates (forming methemoglobin)
component which is unable to carry
oxygen
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: FLOURIDE IN AQUIFER

Groundwater
Contamination

Fluoride compounds are listed by U.S. Agency for Toxic substance and
disease registry as one of the top 20 among 275 substances that pose
the most significant threat to the human health.

Dental and skeletal fluorosis

PROBLEM SOLVING
 DUNCKER DIAGRAM

Problem

The water that people use is from groundwater which the rock
surrounding aquifer is rich in fluoride

It’s OK to achieve It’s OK not to achieve

Change the source of Using the same water

water for daily use source for daily use
OK to Achieve
OK Not to Achieve
 Insitu-treatment method
Aims directly diluting the concentration of fluoride in the aquifer.

Artificial Recharge Rainfall Recharge

Helped widely to reduce fluoride • Rainfall recharge also called rainwater
concentration in the groundwater harvesting can be adopted using percolation
tanks and recharge pit which may prove
helpful.
• Recharge or rainwater after filtration through
the existing wells can also be planned to
improved the groundwater quality.
 EXsitu-treatment method
Adsorption
• Adsorption method involves the
passage of water through a contact
bed where fluoride is adsorbed on the
matrix.
• Active charcoal and alumina are
widely used adsorbents
• The effective removal depends on:
initial concentration of fluoride, pH,
contact time, type of adsorbent and its
size
Ions Exchange
• When water passes through a column
containing ion exchange resin, the
fluoride ions replace calcium ions on
the resin. Once its saturated, it is
backwashed with solution containing
chloride.
• The chloride ions thus again replaces the
fluoride ions in the resin and is ready
for reuse.
 EXsitu-treatment method

Reverse Osmosis Electrodialysis

• Works on pressure • Works on direct potential
• Can be practiced at household • Involves huge set up and is even
more expensive
ANCILLARY ACTIVITIES
 1. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THE FUTURE TO
THE MAYORS WHO WOULD LIKE TO CONTINUE
INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 Preventive measures for the future to the mayors who would like
to continue industrial and economic development
The K.T. Decision Analysis
purchase water
find another water insitu using artificial insitu using rainfall exsitu using exsitu using ion exsitu using reverse exsitu using
must from the water
source from top ville recharge recharge adsorption exchange osmosis electrodialysis
company
pollutan-free go go go go go go go go

no side effect go go go go go go go go

wants weight rating score rating score rating score rating score rating score rating sccore rating score rating score

easy to
4 3 12 9 36 2 8 3 12 5 20 5 20 7 28 4 16
install
easy to
4 3 12 9 36 5 20 3 12 4 16 5 20 7 28 6 24
operate
low cost
9 2 18 8 72 3 27 4 36 5 45 3 27 6 54 3 27
installation

durability 5 4 20 4 20 4 20 4 20 7 35 6 30 5 25 5 25
low cost
operation 9 6 54 2 18 4 36 5 45 5 45 5 45 7 63 3 27
al
safety 8 7 56 8 64 7 56 7 56 7 56 7 56 7 56 7 56

Total 172 246 167 181 217 198 254 175

BEST SOLUTION TO OFFER
+ Pollutan free

+ No side effects

Reverse + Easy to apply and to operate

Osmosis + Low cost installation and operation

+ High durability

+ Safe
2. ACIDIC DEPOSITION IN US
Map of Acid Deposition in US

 This map shows the

average pH of rainfall
measured during the year
2000 by the US National
Atmospheric Deposition
Program which operates
an acid rain observing
network.

 Lower pH values indicate

increased acidity
 Source : http://www.air-quality.org.uk/15.php ,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310954525_Effects_
of_Acid_Rain_on_Plant_Growth_and_Development)

 Effect of acid rain on vegetation

Retards the Damaging

Sulfur dioxide growth of their leaves,
& nitrogen Vegetation & limiting
plants
oxide combine Acid rain (low soil  prime (stimulating nutrients
with pH) receptor of abnormalities available,
atmospheric acid rain in plants poisoning toxic
water metabolism) substances,
slow growth

• By looking at the impact of acid rain on vegetation, it has the same damage
characteristics as the issue that occur in twin towns (tropical trees showing weak
growth)
CONCLUSION
The advantages of industrialization in twin towns are economic and
population growth

The disadvantages og industrialization in twin towns are health and

environment damage that concerned the citizens

The main problems are the contaminants of groundwater because of coal

mining industry, pesticides industry, and high content of fluoride in aquifer.

As the chief scientist, the best solution to offer is using reverse osmosis
technology for water treatment
THANK YOU!
Any question?