Course : MATH6014 - Calculus

Year : 2015

Techniques of Integration
Session 19-20
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been

adapted from:

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole.
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46579-7

Chapter 7
 Learning Objectives

LO 2 :
Use the basic concepts of integral
for some application
 Content

• Integration by parts
1

• Trigonometric integrals
2

• Rationalizing substituting
3

• Integral of rational function using partial

4 fractions

4
 Introduction

There is a minimum
speed that a rocket must
attain in order to escape
from the gravitational
field of a planet. This
speed is called the
escape velocity for the
planet. In this session,
we will learn how to
calculate the escape
velocity for the earth.

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 The Technique of Integration
by Substitution

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 Example 10 (1/2)

Find

Step 1: The integrand involves the composite function

(x3 + 2)4, with “inside function” g(x) = x3 + 2.
So u = x3 + 2

Step 2 : We compute du = 3x2 dx.

Step 3: Making the substitution u = x3 + 2 and du = 3x2 dx

or x2dx = 1/3 du, we obtain

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 Example 10 (2/2)

Step 4: We find

Step 5: Replacing u by x3 + 2, we find

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 Integration Logarithmic
Functions

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 Example 11

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 Integration of the Natural
Exponential Function

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 Integration Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

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 Example 12

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 Integration by Parts

Example 1
Find
Let’s use Formula (2) by choosing u = x and dv = exdx.
This gives

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 Example 13

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 Integration by Parts for
a Definite Integral

An alternative method for evaluating a definite integral using

integration by parts is based on the following formula. Here
we assume that both f’ and g’ are continuous. Then the
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, gives

Letting u = f(x) and v = g(x) and keeping in mind that the

limits of integration are stated for x, we have the following.

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 Example 14 (1/2)

Find the area of the region under the graph of f(x) = ln x on

[1,e].

Solution
The region under consideration is shown in Figure. The area
of is given by

We integrate by parts, letting

So that,

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 Example 14 (2/2)

Using Formula (7), we obtain

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Integrals of the Form
∫sinmx cosnx dx

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Integrals of the Form
∫sinmx cosnx dx

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 Example 15 (1/2)

Find ∫sin5x cos2x dx.

Solution
Here m (the power of sin x) is an odd positive integer. Let’s
write

Then

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 Example 15 (2/2)

If we make the substitution u = cos x, then du = -sin x dx, so

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Integrals of the Form
∫tanmx secnx dx

23
Integrals of the Form
∫tanmx secnx dx

24
 Example 16 (1/2)

Evaluate

Solution
Here, the power of cot x is an odd positive integer. So we
retain the factor csc x cot x from the integrand. Thus,

25
 Example 16 (2/2)

Let u = csc x so that du = -csc x cot x. Then

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Trigonometric Substitutions

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 Example 17 (1/3)

Find

Solution
Note that the integrand involves a radical of the form
Where a = 3. This suggests that we use the trigonometric
substitution
x = 3 sinθ so that dx = 3 cos θ dθ
where –π/2 < θ < π/2. In this example we have the further
restriction θ ≠ ± π/2 to ensure that x ≠ ± 3.

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 Example 17 (2/3)

Making these substitutions, we have

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 Example 17 (3/3)

To express this result in terms of the original variable x,

observe that sinθ = x/3 implies that θ = sin-1(x/3). Next,
observe that sin2θ = 2 sinθcosθ. With the help of Figure, we
find

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

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 Example 18 (1/2)

Find .

Solution
Since the degree of the numerator of the integrand is greater
than that of the denominator, we use long division to write

Next, we decompose (8x - 3)/(2x2 + x – 3) into a sum of

partial fractions. Factoring, we see that (2x2 + x – 3) = (2x +
3)(x - 1) is a product of two distinct linear factors.

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 Example 18 (2/2)

Therefore

Multiplying through by (2x + 3)(x - 1) gives

If we let x = 1, then B = 1. Next, letting x = -3/2 yields A = 6.

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

34
 Example 19 (1/2)

Find

Solution
The degree of the numerator of the integrand is less than
that of the denominator, and no long division is necessary.
Note that

Since -1 is a zero of multiplicity 2, the partial fraction

decomposition of the integrand has the form

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 Example 19 (2/2)

Multiplying both sides of this equation by (x+1)2(x-1), we

obtain

Finally, we get A = -1, B = -3, and C = 3.

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

37
 Example 20 (1/4)

Find

Solution
Since the degree of the numerator is not less than the
degree of the denominator, we use long division to write

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 Example 20 (2/4)

Notice that the quadratic x2 + 2x + 5 is irreducible because

its discriminant less than zero. Since the quadratic factors
are distinct, we can write

Equating the coefficients of like powers of x yields the

system

The solution of the system is A = 0, B = C = 1, and D = 4

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 Example 20 (3/4)

Therefore

To evaluate the integral on the right, we complete the square

in the denominator of the integrand.

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 Example 20 (4/4)

So,

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Partial Fractions

42
Example 21

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 Antiderivatives

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 Convergence and Divergence

Each improper integral in Equation (1) and Equation (2) is

convergent if the limit exists and divergent if the limit does
not exist.

The improper integral on the left-hand side in Equation (3) is

convergent if both improper integrals on the right are
convergent and divergent if one or both of the improper
integrals on the right is divergent.

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 Example 22

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 Improper Integrals with
Infinite Discontinuities

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 Improper Integrals with
Infinite Discontinuities

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 Functions Have
Infinite Discontinuities

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 Convergence and Divergence

Each improper integral in Equations (4) and (5) is

convergent if the limit exists and divergent if the limit does
not exist.

The improper integral on the left in Equation (6) is

convergent if both improper integrals on the right are
convergent and divergent if one or both improper integrals
on the right is divergent.

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 Example 23

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A Comparison Test for
Improper Integrals

52
 Example 24 (1/2)

Show that is convergent.

Solution
We cannot evaluate the integral directly because it turns out
that the antiderivative of e-x2is not an elementary function. To
show that this integral is convergent, let’s write

Observe that the first integral on the right is a proper integral,

and therefore, it has a finite value, even though we don’t
know what that value is.

53
 Example 24 (2/2)

For the second integral we note that x2 ≥ x for x ≥ 1, so e-x2 ≤

e-x on [1,∞). (See Figure). Now

So if we take f(x) = e-x and g(x) = e-x2 ,

the Comparison Test tells us that

is convergent. Therefore

is convergent.

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 References

Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.

Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13:

978-0-534-46579-7

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Thank You