PARTS OF SPEECH

O is used to describe the mechanism of

the language, in other words, the
grammar which is defined as the art of
speaking and writing the language
correctly according to the rules in
general.
 Names for Words:
Parts of Speech

No matter what, words must be put

together- that makes a sentence.
 What Does Part of Speech Mean?

Each part of speech explains not what

the word is, but how the word is used.

In fact, the same word can be a noun

in one sentence and a verb or
adjective in the next.
8 Parts Of Speech:
Nouns Pronouns
Verbs Prepositions
Adjective Conjunctions

Adverbs Interjections
 NOUNS
A word or word group that is used to name
a person, place, thing, or an idea.

The word "noun" comes from the Latin

word nomen, which means "name"
 Example sentences:
People like to go to the beach.

Emma passed the test.

My parents are traveling

to Japan next month.
Common Nouns
vs.
Proper Nouns
 Common Noun:
Definition:
A common noun names any one of a
group or persons, places, things, or ideas
and is generally not capitalized.

Examples:
book, school, marker, computer,
phone, and backpack.
 Proper Noun:
Definition:
A proper noun names a particular
person, place, thing, or idea, and is
capitalized.

Examples:
Holt Handbook, West Valley High
School, Mac computer, IPhone, and
Jansport backpack.
Abstract Nouns
vs.
Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Definition:
An abstract noun is a noun that names an
idea, not a physical thing.

Examples:
Hope, interest, love, peace, ability,
success, knowledge, trouble.
Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun that names
a physical thing.

Examples:
Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king,
rain, children, professor.
 Count Nouns
vs.
Non-Count Nouns
Countable Nouns
A countable noun is a noun that
indicates something you could actually
count

Examples:
Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud,
pencil, heart, movie.
Uncountable Nouns
An uncountable noun is a noun that
indicates something you cannot count.

Examples:
Furniture, advice, mail, news,
equipment, luggage, work, coffee,
information.
 Number of Nouns
O Singular if it refers to one
noun.
O Plural if it refers to two or
more nouns.
 Rules in forming the plural nouns

1. Most nouns add -s to the singular

form.

Ex. Boy + s = boys

room + s = rooms
 Rules in forming the plural nouns

2. Nouns ending in a hissing sound (s,

ch, sh, x or z) add –es.

Ex. box + es = boxes

church + es = churches
match + es = matches
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
3. Most nouns ending in f or fe change f
to ve before adding s.

Example: calf – calves

knife – knives
leaf - leaves
 Rules in forming the plural nouns

4. Most nouns ending in y preceeded by a

consonant sound change y to I and add es.

Example:
city – cities
lady - ladies
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
5. Nouns ending in y after a vowel, add
s.

Example:
key – keys
monkey - monkeys
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
6. Some nouns ending in o preceded by a
consonant, add s.

Example:
cargo – cargoes
tomato – tomatoes
hero - heroes
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
7. A few very common nouns add –en
or change the vowel or remain
unchanged.

Example:
ox – oxen
sheep - sheep
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
8. Most compound nouns add s or –es to
the principal words of the compound.
Example:
bookcase – bookcases
handful – handfuls
runner- up – runners- up
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
9. A few nouns are regularly plural in form
but singular in meaning.

Example:
statistics
mathematics
economics
 Rules in forming the plural nouns
10. Some nouns have the same form for
both singular and plural.

Example:
Aircraft Crossroads Series
Headquarters Deer Means
 Some rules in forming possession
1. Singular nouns add apostrophe and s
(‘s) for the singular possessive, plural
nouns add apostrophe alone.

Example:
girl’s girls’
student’s students’
 Some rules in forming possession
2. those nouns that do not end with s, add
(‘s) to the plural forms.

Ex:
oxen’s women’s deer’s
 Some rules in forming possession
3. Add only an apostrophe at the end of a
proper noun ending in s, z or x.

Example:
Charles’ Sanchez’ Perez’
 Some rules in forming possession
4. Of phrase is placed after a noun.

Example:
the dresses of a girl
the daughter of the president
 Some rules in forming possession
5. In case of inanimate objects, a
prepositional phrase of is used. Noun-noun
compounds are also used.
Example:
(of phrase) (Noun-noun comp.)
The door of the garage garage door
The roof of the house house roof
 Some rules in forming possession
6. Things, places and concepts are often
followed by of phrase to indicate
association, measure or person.

Ex:
a box of candy
a cup of sugar
the town of Molave
 Some rules in forming possession
7. Certain possessive forms of noun denote
time, distance, measure and value.

Ex:
a day’s work
a week’s wage
an hour’s rest
 PRONOUNS
Take the place of nouns and other pronouns.
The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the
meaning of "substitute") + "noun."

**They refer to the previous noun

 NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE
SINGULAR

1st person I me My, mine

2nd person
you you You, yours
3rd person He, she, it Him, her, it His, her, hers

PLURAL

1st person We Us Our, ours

2nd person
You You you
3rd person They Them Their, theirs
 • Personal First Person:
Pronouns I, me, my, mine, we, us,
ours, our.
Definition:
-Second person:
A personal pronoun you, yours, your.
refers to the one
speaking is first
-Third person:
person, the one
spoken to is second He, him his, she, her,
person, or the one hers, it, its, they, them,
being spoken to is their, theirs.
third person.
Demonstrative Pronouns:
Definition: A demonstrative pronoun is
used to point our a specific person, place,
thing, or idea.
Examples: This, That, These, Those.
Example sentences:
This cannot go on.
That was beautiful!
He wanted those, but decided to
compromise on these.
Interrogative Pronouns:

Definition: An interrogative pronoun

introduces a question.

Examples: Who, whom, which, what,

whose.

Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.

Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals

and things.
 Example sentences:

Who is your father?

Whom did you speak to?
Which bag did you buy?
What are my choices?
 Possessive Pronouns

Definition:
A possessive pronoun indicates that
the pronoun is acting as a marker of
possession and defines who owns a
particular object or person.

Example:
(mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours theirs)
 Example sentences:
I've lost my wallet.
He married his girlfriend.
This place is theirs.
Is that cat yours?
My car is slow. Hers is much faster.
 Reflexive Pronouns
"Reflexive" means "going back
to itself.“

The reflexive pronouns are:

myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves.
 Example sentences:
He cut himself while shaving.
I sent myself to bed.
He could hurt himself!
We must help ourselves.
She trusts herself.
 Intensive Pronouns

"Intensive" means "giving force or

emphasis.“

They are written exactly the same

way as the reflexive pronouns, but
their function is different.
 Example sentences
I myself baked the cake.
The queen herself recommended this
restaurant.
Have you yourself been there?
The project itself wasn't difficult.
We will do it ourselves.
 Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do

not refer to any specific person or thing.

Examples:
Anything, everybody, another, each,
few, many, none, some.
 Example sentences:
Many have died during the war.
Can anyone call her?
Everybody wants to see you.
Something can be done to help.
 VERBS
A verb that is used to express action or a
state of being.

The word "verb" comes for the Latin

word verbum, which means "word."
Regular Verbs
Regular verbs are verbs that follow this
rule:
Past form of the verb = present form of the
verb + ed / d.

Examples:
Past form of "check" = check + ed =
checked.
Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened.
Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that do not
follow the above rule, and there are
quite a lot of them!

Examples:
Past form of "drink" = drank
Past form of "sleep" = slept
Past form of "bring" = brought
 ADJECTIVES
An adjectives are words that describe,
limit or mollify nouns or pronouns.

Ex. Warm, quick, tall, interesting

Adjectives According to Function
O Attributive(comes before a noun)
Ex. True friends are not so hard to find.
O Subjective(comes after a linking verb)
Ex. This meal is loaded with vitamins and
minerals.
O Complement(comes after an object of a
transitive verb)
Ex. Alex made his painting more beautiful
compared with those of his friends.
 ADVERBS
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another word.

The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad- (in

addition) and verbum (word).

-Examples:
There, up, here, down, tomorrow, weekly,
later, and early.
An adverb can describe a verb:
She runs quickly.

An adverb can describe an adjective:

She is so beautiful.

An adverb can describe another adverb:

She smokes very rarely.

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:

Naturally, you don't have to come.
 In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have
the following form:
 Adjective + "-ly"

Examples:
Quick + ly = quickly
Strange + ly = strangely
Dead + ly = deadly
Sudden + ly = suddenly
Clever + ly = cleverly
Brave + ly = bravely
Real + ly = really

When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with an "i":
Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily
Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":

True + ly = tru + ly = truly
However, there are many adverbs
that do not end in "-ly":

Fast, very, hard, home, just,

too, well, never, sometimes, and so
forth.
 Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner show us the way
the action is done. They answer the
following question:
How?

Examples:
Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly,
quietly, happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.
 Example sentences:
He handled the situation well.
She listened secretly to their
conversation.
The children ran happily to their father.
 Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place show us the location
of the action or state. They answer the
following question:
Where?

Examples:
Home, here, there, outside, inside,
away, around, anywhere, abroad, up,
down, out.
 Example sentences:
We are here.
He went home.
We found him outside.
She looked up.
 Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time show us the time of
the action or state. They answer the
following question:
When?

Examples:
Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow,
early, before, lately, recently.
 Example sentences:
Let's talk now.
I will do it later.
He promised to write back soon.
What are you doing tomorrow?
We haven't met before.
 Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency show us the
frequency of the action or state. They
answer the following question:
How often?

Examples:
Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely,
usually, occasionally.
 Example sentences:

I always brush my teeth after a meal.

We often meet and chat.
He is usually here on time.
 Adverbs of probability
Adverbs of probability show us the
chances for the action or state to happen.
They answer the following question:
How likely?

Examples:
Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly,
surely.
 Example sentences:

She will certainly forget about it.

Maybe we'll come after all.
It will probably not work.
Surely you are not serious!
 Preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun
or a pronoun to another word.

Examples:
Aboard, below, from, since, about, beneath,
throughout, concerning, past, and without,
On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.

The word "preposition" comes from the Latin

word praeponere (put before). So prepositions usually
come before the noun/pronoun.
 Example sentences:
I sat on the floor.
Let's go into the house.
We will meet at four o'clock.
Have a look under the couch.
He went to school.
This letter is for you.
Example sentences:
 Example sentences:
I sat on the floor.
Let's go into the house.
We will meet at four o'clock.
Have a look under the couch.
He went to school.
This letter is for you.
 Example sentences:
I sat on the floor.
Let's go into the house.
We will meet at four o'clock.
Have a look under the couch.
He went to school.
This letter is for you.
 Conjunctions
Conjunctions are connecting words

Example:
And adds things together
Or also joins, but makes an option
The word "conjunction" comes from
the Latin word conjungere (join
together).
 Using And/Or
Sentence 1: “I am going to play.”
Sentence 2: “I am going to study.”

Using And to join:

“I am going to play, and I’m going to study.”

Using Or to join:

“ I am going to play, or I’m going to study.”

 Using a Comma
In joining words, a comma (,) must be
used
Example:

“I like soup, and I like

sandwiches.”
 Different Conjunctions
 Coordinating Conjunctions:

Examples: And, but, or nor, for yet so.

FANBOYS
Examples: You are supposed to walk on the street or
the sidewalk.
 Correlative Conjunctions:

Examples: Both-and, Not only-but also, Whether-or,

Neither-nor, either-or
Example: Both Jim and Roberto were standing outside.
 examples
I want to come, but I can't.
She is smart and beautiful.
Would you like a cat or a dog?
He didn't pass the test because he didn't
understand the subject.
We were hungry, so we ordered pizza.
 INTERJECTIONS
A word that expresses emotion.

The word "interjection" comes from the Latin

word interjicere (throw between).

Examples:
Crap! Wow!
Yuck! Yippee!
Uh-oh! Well!
 EXAMPLES:
Wow, that's amazing!
Ah, that was a good meal.
Um... I'm not sure what to say.
Oh dear! What happened?
Hello! How are you doing?
Well, that's an option too.
 CAPITALIZATION RULES
1. The first word of a sentence.
Ex: With cooperation, a depression can be
avoided.
2. All proper nouns.
Ex: Canada, Eiffel Tower
3. Days of the weeks and months
Ex: the check was mailed on Thursday.
 CAPITALIZATION RULES
4. The word dear when it is the first word
in the salutation of a letter.
Ex. Dear Mr. Jones
My dear Mr. Jones
5. The first word of the complimentary
close of a letter.
Ex. Truly yours,
Very truly yours,
 CAPITALIZATION RULES
6. The first and all other important words
in a title.
Ex. The Art of Salesmanship
7. A word used as part of a proper name.
Ex. William Street, Morningside Terrace
8. Titles, when they refer to a particular
official or family member.
Ex. the report was read by Secretary
Marshall.
 CAPITALIZATION RULES

9. Points of a compass, when they refer to

particular regions of a country.
Ex. We’re going South next week.

10. The first word of a direct quotation

Ex. It was Alexander Pope who wrote, “A
little learning is a dangerous thing.”