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Machine Repeatability
Tool Life
Program
Coolant
X 1 X 2 ....... Xn
X
n
Standard Deviation & Variance
②Now we calculate each data’s difference from mean
MEAN
1 n
Variance S ( Xi X ) 2
n i 1
Standard
𝜎= 𝑆
Deviation
Image of Population & Sample
𝑛
1
𝜎2 = (𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2
𝑛
Population n σ, μ 𝑖=1
σ:deviation for population data
μ: mean for population data
𝑁
1
𝑠2 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑚 2
Sample N,s,m 𝑁
𝑖=1
s:deviation for sample data
m: mean for sample data
𝑁
1
𝑠2 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑚 2
𝑁
Sample N,s,m 𝑖=1
𝑁
1
𝜎≅ (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑚)2
𝑁−1
𝑁=1
Normal Distribution Curve
Quincunx
Normal Distribution Curve
The Normal distribution is common continuous distribution in
statistics.
−𝑢2
1
f(x)= ∙𝑒 2
2𝜋
u=(x-μ)/σとする
μ:MEAN
σ2:Variance
e:Natural Logarithm e
For normal distribution, the values less σ away from mean account
for as follows
μ±σ 68.26%、
μ±2σ 95.44%、
μ±3σ 99.74%
Normal Distribution Curve
cp=1.00(99.74%) cp=1.33(99.994%)
tolerance=4σ tolerance=10σ
SL SU SL SU
cp=0.67(95.44%) cp=1.67(99.999・・・%)
Process Capability
Process Capability Index (Cpk)
Cpk is Process capability Index.
Adjustment of Cp for effect of non centered distribution
SL SU
| ( SU SL) / 2 m |
K
( SU SL) / 2 (𝑺𝑼−𝑺𝑳)/𝟐
𝑺𝑼 + 𝑺𝑳
−𝒎
𝟐
SU SL
Cpk (1 K ) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 m0 1 2 3 4 5
6σ
How to predict Cpk from Cp
SU 𝐶𝑝𝑘 = 1 − 𝐾 𝐶𝑝
SL
a b
𝑆𝐿 +𝑆𝑈
a= −𝑚
2
𝑆𝑈 −𝑆𝐿
b=
2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
m
The prediction of Cpk is difficult since its amount is varied by K.
In case you are requested Cpk1.33, you should follow the next procedure
to reply customers
1. Find Cp 1.33 can be done on the customer request
2. If it is YES, make sample test cut and seek “a” value.
3. “a” can be compensated by offset or others
How to predict Cpk from Cp
4. But “a” cannot be compensated to “0” , because there are various
distributions as follows;
SU
SU
SU
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6
m -4 -2
m
0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0
m 2 4 6
m: mean
𝑆𝑈 −𝑚
Cp= Su: for example Ra 3.2
3𝜎 𝜎 :Standard deviation
Cp, σ, K, Cpk formula
𝑁
1
𝜎≅ (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑚)2
𝑁−1
𝑁=1
SU SL
Cp
6σ
| ( SU SL ) / 2 m |
K
( SU SL ) / 2
SU SL
Cpk (1 K )
6σ
Cp & Cpk
Under condition of tolerance Su=10.5, Sl= -10.5