Methods and Procedures

The Research Method

The method section is one of the very

important parts of the thesis.
It is given importance because it is
the driving section to complete the
whole study.
This portion of the thesis is used to
present the selection of the
appropriate research method to be
used in the study.
The Research Method

Research method refers to the

type of technique suited to carry
out the investigation of the
problem.
Research methods are the
techniques in collecting of data
and solving scientific inquiry on
a certain problem.
 The Research
Method
The research method is
the procedure of careful
investigation employing
an instrument to gather
information for building
thesis of knowledge
which provide answer to
a problem.
The Research Method

In the context of research,

methods means a research
technique employed that
indicates the nature of the study
and the process of collection
and analysis of data.
Method is a guiding section of
how a researcher goes about the
whole study.
 The Research Method

It will identify what type

of study is going to be
taken which is important
before going through the
other parts because it
gives proper direction to
what the researcher should
do to the problem.
Method or
Methodology?
The difference
between method
and methodology
must be emphasized
at this point
because of
misapplication of
the concept in the
study.
 Method

The word method simply

means a research
technique which follows a
set of procedures in
conducting research.
 Methodology

Methodology is the principle of

employing procedures in conducting
research or empirical investigation.
It is also called the logic of
investigation because its purpose is
the process by which the knowledge is
formed rather than the establishment
of knowledge on a particular problem.
Types of Research Methods
1. Descriptive Method
2. Historical Method
3. Experimental Method
4. Ethnographic Method
5. Phenomenological Method
6. Case Study
7. Field method
8. Survey Method
Types of Research Methods

1. Descriptive method.
This method is much suitable to the
current problem that aims to find out
the present conditions of the problem.
This is concerned to study the present
status of the subject, problem or other
variables.
 Types of Research
Methods
Historical method
The method employed in the study
that requires to establish the
history of the place, institution or
development of the community.
This is concerned with the data in
the past relevant in the present
time.
 Types of Research Methods

3. Experimental
method
A method used to
determine the
relationship of the
variables.
Types of Research Methods

4. Ethnographic Method
This is a method use in the
culturally-concerned problem. This
is fitting to the study of the cultural
practices, beliefs, and other
related practices.
Social scientists employ this
method in the particular
community.
 Types of Research Methods

Phenomenological Method
A method suits to this study of the
social problems or changes through
their experiences which the data
are heavily depended on.
This rarely use in the Philippines
because it is basically employed in
the socio-religious problem.
Types of Research Methods

Case Study
This method is used in an in-depth
study on individual or institutional
cases. This is an intensive analysis
of the situation based on an
interview and analysis of related
concerns.
Example: Researcher might study
this child in-depth to attempt to
understand why he is so happy.
 Types of Research Methods

Field Method
This is employed to study the
background or status of the
social environment or community
through direct or indirect
observation.
 Field Method
This is usually conducted in the field that
is why it is called field method.
This is sometimes called a naturalistic
study. Here, instead of asking participants
to come to a strange lab to be studied, the
experimenters observe the participants in
their natural environments.
 Field Method
The advantage of a field study is that the behaviors
you observe will certainly be more natural because,
ideally, you are simply watching what would have
happened anyway, even if you weren't there. The
disadvantage of a field study is that you have no
control over the environment, so you can't really
test the impact of changes to that environment, and
you can't really ask the participants any questions
because that would be interrupting their natural
behaviors.
 Field Method
For example, if you wanted to study
happiness in children, you might observe
children at school or on a playground. Don't
get confused and think that just because it's
called a 'field' study, you actually have to go
out into a field! The term simply means that
you are not in a lab. Instead, you are in a
natural environment.
 Types of Research Methods

Survey Method
This is method of research which
employ heavily on questionnaire to
get the opinion and preferences and
interview to determine attitude and
perceptions.
Survey is used in a wide range of
topics from a big size of population.
 Survey Method
Researchers give a group of people a
survey with lots of questions, and the
participants simply answer the
questions. For example, a researcher
could ask every child in a certain school
to fill out a questionnaire about what
makes them happy or unhappy.
 Survey Method

The clear advantage to this type of study is that it is

easy, simple and inexpensive, and a researcher can get
hundreds of people to complete the survey in a
relatively short period of time. However, there are some
disadvantages to survey studies. One disadvantage is
that it's difficult to truly test the impact of certain
variables when all people are doing is filling out a
survey. Another disadvantage is that some people might
not be honest in their survey responses.
 Research Design

Research design is the key to a

successful investigation of a certain
problem.
The suitable design is a product of the
planning stage.
The function of a research design is to
ensure that the evidence obtained
enables us to answer the initial question
as unambiguously as possible.
Research Design

In planning of the research

process, it involves methods
to be used, the instruments,
types of data and its
sources.
This is the part of the
research which provides the
complete plan on how to go
about the collection of data
and the completion of the
undertaking.
 Definition of Research Design

A research design is any plan or strategy for

conducting the research (Weirsma, 1995).
A research design is any plan for the
collection, analysis and evaluation of data
(Scott, 1988).
A research design refers to the procedural
details of a study by which a research or
collects data and which after some level of
control over the research situation
Bieger,1996).
 Definition of Research Design
Before research is undertaken, the
researcher makes clear in the study
what method is to be employed because
if the study is misdesigned, the suitable
data may turn out to have little
significance and misinformation would
be presented in the study.
In the analysis of the data, it will not
jibe with the problem being sought
because the techniques are not suitable.
 Kinds of Research Designs

1. Descriptive Design
2. Historical Design
3. Experimental Design
4. Ethnographic Design
 Kinds of Research Design

1. Descriptive design
This plans to answer what is the present
condition of the problem.
The phrase “what is”, the guiding line in
trying to describe the present status of
the problem.
Descriptive Research

The researchers who employ this

design is interested in the present
value of the problem mainly
because of the personal
involvement in the occurrence to
having witnessed the development
of events where the condition of
the problem is influenced.
Descriptive Research

The concern of descriptive design

is detailed description of the
present situation, current
practices, timely events and
prevalent practices.
Descriptive design is usually
applied in social and educational
study even use in historical
problems if the approach is
comparative analysis.
 Descriptive Research
The sources of data for descriptive
design may be qualitative data taken
from secondary or primary sources,
questionnaire and documentary
observation, interview, case study and
opinionnaire while quantitative data
derived from questionnaire, scales,
test and experimentation.
 Descriptive Research

The descriptive data will be collected

through the following instruments:
questionnaire, opinionnaire, scales, case
study, interview. These instruments will only
be classified according to the nature of the
study whether it is qualitative or
quantitative.
 Descriptive Research

The treatment is according to the data use in the

study.
For qualitative data, simple statistics is advised for
there is no complicated formula to be tested.
For quantitative data, the treatment would be
inferential or descriptive statistics.
 Historical Design
Historical design is concerned with the analysis of
the even that occurred in the past.
It aims to answer the phrase “ what was” of which
data needed were established in the past and used
at present to explain problems concerned in the
past.
The historical design does not limit its application
to historical research per se or digging of historical
accounts of the people and their culture.
 Historical Design

This method may be employed to historical

problems concerned with the development of the
city, town, community, the past president of the
famous organizations, development programs,
political practices, women in the past society or any
topic of historical value that may establish
historical facts useful for their belief system.
 Historical Design

Collection of data for historical study is quite

complicated because of the possibility of
duplication and forgery. With this problem,
historical data are not always safe data.
Extra precaution is necessary to go over the original
source and take time to consult experts in
evaluating the data and have knowledge where the
original sources are available and well kept by the
collector.
Historical Design
Sources of data for historical design are
documentary, relics, and oral testimony.
Documentary data use archives for
accurate examination of the events in
the past and translation of the original
text which can be sensationalized, that
distort the facts or events for
recognition or sometimes information
are in placed in the name of other
famous persons to get their credence.
Historical Design

Next is the relics, the remains

of the past tools, weapons,
bones or utensils, but then risk
of these materials are
reproduction of the tools.
Historical Design

The last is oral testimony, in

which the data are collected
from the eyewitness of the actual
events or who lived in the locale
for several years who are called
eyewitness, the informants of
oral testimony.
 Historical Design

The historical design does not use plenty of

respondents instead selected informants who will be
interviewed about the description of the place,
persons, and contemporary events. These
interviewees are called eyewitnesses who have
direct eye-witnessing of the events and experience
of the place in the beginning.
 Historical Design
Instruments used in the study will be the interview-
and-oral questionnaire.
Interview is done in the place where the actual
events took place.
Documentary analysis in which all possible
available original data in the place can be found in
the town hall, church, school will be analyzed.
The historical design does not apply any sampling
procedure and statistical treatment.
 Experimental Design
Among the beginners, confusion always arises
because of understanding of the application of this
design. It is important to note that experiment is
not always done in the laboratory, it can be done by
using numerical forms treated by statistical testing.
There is non-laboratory experiment with groups of
participant and variables involved.
 Experimental Design

The word experiment means testing and testing is

used to determine the relationship of the variables
which is the procedure being followed in the
experimental type of study.
 Experimental Design

The experimental design aims to answer the

question “what will be”. The design predicts the
future condition of the previous variables to this
process.
The data used in the experimental design are
quantitative data. These could be numerical or
itemized responses which are measures by
statistical treatment.
 Experimental Design

Numerical data are always hypothesized and

proven by employing statistical tests. The
conclusions will be based on the results of the
statistical findings. The statement of the
hypothesis will also be proven or rejected.
 Experimental Design

The experimental design needs to identify the

subjects, who may be called participants. The
participants may be single individuals, a group or
two groups.
 Ethnographic Design

This design is concerned with an in-depth analysis of

a social problem, culture, social condition, cultural
setting and experience.
This is a much –preferred design in the field of the
social science although this research design was not
popular three decades ago.
 Ethnographic Design

The ethnographic data consist of field data, notes

from observation, information provided by the key
informants in the locale, etc.
This design requires only few people to be consulted
to get the information who are called informants.
 Ethnographic Design

The data used in ethnographic design are classified

as qualitative.
This type of data are worthy in social research
because biases are minimal and forgery of materials
are avoided.
It is less-risky method but not totally error-free.
 Ethnographic Design

The instruments used in this study is also called

informational techniques in which instruments will
gather information. These techniques may be
observation, interview, case study, opionnaire and
field research.
Field observation is a chance of the researcher to
see the actual activities of the people and their
behavior in the setting.
 Design versus Method

Research design is different from the method by

which data are collected. Many research methods
texts confuse research designs with methods. It is
not uncommon to see research design treated as a
mode of data collection rather than as a logical
structure of the inquiry. But there is nothing
intrinsic about any research design that requires a
particular method of data collection.
 Design versus Method

Research design is not related to any particular

method of collecting data or any particular type of
data. Any research design can, in principle, use any
type of data collection method and can use either
quantitative or qualitative data. Research design
refers to the structure of an enquiry: it is a logical
matter rather than a logistical one.
 Design versus Method

Design is a logical task undertaken to ensure that

the evidence collected enables us to answer
questions or to test theories as unambiguously as
possible.
Failing to distinguish between design and method
leads to poor evaluation of designs.
The Procedures

Research procedure is understood

as the plan of action which is
discussed in the research design or
method section, so research
procedure is no longer discussed
as a separate part of the design. If
it is done, it is only a repetition of
the details already in the design.
 The Procedures
Procedures are the steps to be done or
what have been done in the collection
and organization of the data.
Procedure also means a series of actions
taken to conduct a study.
In this portion, this is simply stating what
the researcher did in the entire process of
the research. The concern of the
procedure is the collection of data and
some process done to come up with the
data to be interpreted in the study.
The Procedures

The preparation of the question,

fielding, and validation of the
questionnaire, conducting of interview,
observation and other instruments are
used to gather documents or data.
The process of doing all of these are
under the procedure.
 The Procedures

Procedures can be summarized in

the following:
1. Sources of data
2. Selection of the subjects
3. Treatment of data
4. Presentation and interpretation
of data