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Platform organization.
Busses.
Memory devices.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Computing platform
architecture
Platform software
provides core
functions, utilities.
Low-level functions
depend on
architecture---
interrupt vectors, etc.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
CPU buses
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus protocols
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Four-cycle handshake
data
device 1 xfer
enq
device 1 device 2
ack
device 2
1 2 3 4
time
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Four-cycle handshake,
cont’d.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Microprocessor busses
Clock provides
synchronization.
R/W is true when
reading (R/W’ is false
when reading).
Address is a-bit bundle
of address lines.
Data is n-bit bundle of
data lines.
Data ready signals
when n-bit data is
ready.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Timing diagrams
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus read
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
State diagrams for bus
read
See Ack
ack Adrs Adrs
Wait Wait
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus wait state
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus burst read
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus multiplexing
adrs
Adrs enable
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
DMA
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Bus transfer sequence
diagram
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
System bus configurations
bridge
bus.
Fast devices on memory slow device
separate bus.
A bridge connects high-speed
device
two busses.
Overheads forComponents
Computers as Computers3eas
© 2008 Wayne Wolf Components 2nd
© 2012 Marilyn ed.
Wolf
Bridge state diagram
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
ARM AMBA bus
Two varieties:
AHB is high-performance.
APB is lower-speed, lower
cost.
AHB supports pipelining,
burst transfers, split
transactions, multiple bus
masters.
All devices are slaves on
APB.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Memory components
Several different
types of memory:
DRAM.
SRAM.
Flash.
Each type of memory
comes in varying:
Capacities.
Widths.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Random-access memory
Overheads forComponents
Computers as Computers3eas
© 2008 Wayne Wolf Components 2nd
© 2012 Marilyn ed.
Wolf
SDRAM read operation
Overheads forComponents
Computers as Computers3eas
© 2008 Wayne Wolf Components 2nd
© 2012 Marilyn ed.
Wolf
Memory packaging
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Memory systems and
memory controllers
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf
Channels and banks
Channels provide
separate connections
to parts of memory.
Banks are separate
memory arrays.
Computers as Components 3e
© 2012 Marilyn Wolf