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LECTURE 16 TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS P.48 LECTURE#16 First commercial transistor
First transistor 1947
First computer to use these transistors
BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS ARE SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICES WITH 3 LEADS, CALLED THE EMITTER,
BASE AND COLLECTOR. THE TRANSISTOR IS
BASICALLY 2 P-N JUNCTIONS BUTTED UP AGAINST
EACH OTHER.
A SMALL VOTLAGE OR CURRENT AT ONE LEAD
CAN CONTROL A MUCH LARGER VOLTAGE OR
CURRENT AT THE OTHER TWO.
TRNSISITORS CAN BE USED AS AMPLIFERS OR
AS SWITCHES.
TO-3 OPENED
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNahnyx9OWQ
Thyristor with voltage
Range from 400 to 1kv
Current 16A to600A
2 gates
Cathode
Anode
thyristor: n-p-n-p-n-p transistors
DIFFERENT PACKAGE CASES FOR THYRISTORS
THYRISTORS DIACS
K: Cathode
TRIACS
TRIAC
The diac is widely used to assist even triggering of a triac when used in AC switches. Diacs
are mainly used in dimmer applications and also in starter circuits for florescent lamps.
Because it can be controlled to trigger at different voltage points on the sine wave it can be used
to effectively control the RMS power delivered to the load rather just crude on / off.
It's like a switch that can turn on and off at different times on the sine wave.
The TRIAC is a gate controlled switch.
Low voltage logic circuits are fragile and expensive they should be electrically
isolated from the high voltage TRIAC circuit using an Optocoupler module chip
RMS power and voltage to the load are controlled by trimming of the AC sine wave.
The TRIAC effectively chops the AC sine wave and reduces the amount of current
reaching the light bulb.
A TRIAC dimmer chops both the leading and trailing edge of the AC cycle.
The variable resistor sets the point on the sine wave where trimming occurs effectively dimming
or illuminating the light.
The capacitor and inductor attempt to minimize interference that is generated by the snapping
effect of the TRIAC on the sine wave like striking a bell ringing, harmonics (some RF even) are
created in the circuit that can interfere with other devices.
This is a real world dimmer equivalent of the circuit on the last slide
Note the inductor and the capacitor are used for phase shifting and noise filtering.
Have you ever noticed the 60 Hz ringing sound that comes from light dimmers and
sometimes the filament of incandescent lights that are dimmer controlled?
It is the result of the chopping of the sine wave feeding the light.
In a light dimmer switch, resistors rapidly shut the light circuit off and on to
reduce the total amount of energy flowing through the circuit. The switching
cycle is built around the fluctuation of alternating current (AC). AC current has
varying voltage polarity -- in a sine wave, it fluctuates from a positive voltage to
a negative voltage. To put it another way, the moving charge that makes up AC
current is constantly changing direction. In the United States, it goes through
one cycle 60 times a second. The diagram below shows this sixtieth-of-a-second
cycle
A modern dimmer switch "chops up" the sine wave. It automatically shuts the
light bulb circuit off every time the current reverses direction -- that is,
whenever there is zero voltage running through the circuit. This happens twice
per cycle, or 120 times a second. It turns the light circuit back on when the
voltage climbs back up to a certain level, as seen in the diagram below
This "turn-on value" is based on the position of the dimmer switch's knob or
slider. If the dimmer is turned to a brighter setting, it will switch on very quickly
after cutting off. The circuit is turned on for most of the cycle, so it supplies
more energy per second to the light bulb. If the dimmer is set for lower light, it
will wait until later in the cycle to turn back on.
LUX, Unit of illumination in the International System of Units (SI). One lux (Latin for “light”)
is the amount of illumination provided when one lumen is evenly distributed over an area of
one square meter.
Illuminance Example
0.002 lux Moonless clear night sky
0.2 lux Design minimum for emergency lighting (AS2293).
0.27 - 1 lux Full moon on a clear night
3.4 lux Dark limit of civil twilight under a clear sky
50 lux Family living room
80 lux Hallway/toilet
100 lux Very dark overcast day
300 - 500 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day. Well-lit office area.
1,000 lux Overcast day; typical TV studio lighting
10,000 - 25,000 lux Full daylight (not direct sun)
32,000 - 130,000 lux Direct sunlight
Aka: Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
TISHITU LDR (Light Dependent Resistance) with 555 Timer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PecciHMth4g
Stove top burner LDR detector
STOVE TOP BURNER LDR DETECTOR
DETECTS SPECIFIC FREQUENCY OF LIGHT(FROM BURNING GAS) IF NOT PRESENT,GAS IS SHUT 0FF
Online Tutorial On Types Of Transducers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7_OgrlynRI
PHOTOTRANSISTOR USED TO DETECT THE SPEED OF A ROTATING DISC
Website for this image
hackedgadget.tistory.com
A Simple and Cheap Dark-Detecting LED Circuit
LTR-4206E phototransistor
4N35 - Optocoupler Phototransistor